| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS | REGISTER |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
Article |
Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Correspondence to:
Lynn T Kozlowski, PhD, Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 East Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
ltk1{at}psu.edu
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review tobacco industry documents on filter ventilation in light of published studies and to explore the role of filter ventilation in the design of cigarettes that deliver higher smoke yields to smokers than would be expected from standard machine smoked tests (Federal Trade Commission (FTC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO)).
Data sources: Searched from November 1999 to November 2000 internet databases of industry documents (www.pmdocs.com, www.rjrtdocs.com, www.lorillarddocs.com, www.bw.aalatg.com, www.cdc.gov/tobacco/industrydocs, www.tobaccodocuments.org, www.tobaccopapers.org, www.hlth.gov.bc.ca/Guildford, www.cctc.ca/ncth/Guildford, www.cctc.ca/ncth/Guildford2) for documents related to filter ventilation. Documents found dated from 1955 through 1994.
Study selection: Those documents judged to contain the most relevant information or data on filter ventilation related to cigarette taste and compensatory smoking, while also trying to avoid redundancy from various documents deriving from the same underlying data.
Data synthesis: Filter ventilation is a crucial design feature creating three main problems for lower tar cigarettes as measured by official smoking machine testing. Firstly, it misleadingly makes cigarettes taste lighter and milder, and, therefore, they appear less dangerous to smokers. Secondly, it promotes compensation mainly by facilitating the taking of larger puffs. Thirdly, for very heavily ventilated cigarettes (that is, > 65% filter air dilution), behavioural blocking of vents with lips or fingers is an additional contributor to compensatory smoking. These three effects are found in industry research as well as published research.
Conclusions: Filter ventilation is a dangerous, defective technology that should be abandoned in less hazardous nicotine delivery systems. Health interested groups should test cigarettes in a way that reflects compensatory smoking. Lower tar (vented filter) cigarettes should be actively countermarketed.
Keywords: filter ventilation, compensation; vent blocking
Abbreviations: BAT, British American Tobacco; FTC, Federal Trade Commission; HSS, human smoking simulator; ISO, International Organization for Standardization; PM, Philip Morris Tobacco Company; PPU, puffing power units; RTD, resistance to draw; SPT, stain pattern technique; TPM, total particulate matter
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R J O'Connor and P J Hurley Existing technologies to reduce specific toxicant emissions in cigarette smoke Tob. Control, September 1, 2008; 17(Suppl_1): i39 - i48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R Borland, G T Fong, H-H Yong, K M Cummings, D Hammond, B King, M Siahpush, A McNeill, G Hastings, R J O'Connor, et al. What happened to smokers' beliefs about light cigarettes when "light/mild" brand descriptors were banned in the UK? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey Tob. Control, August 1, 2008; 17(4): 256 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Derry and S. V. Waikar Frames and Filters: Strategic Distrust as a Legitimation Tool in the 50-Year Battle Between Public Health Activists and Big Tobacco Business Society, March 1, 2008; 47(1): 102 - 139. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Cummings, A. Brown, and R. O'Connor The Cigarette Controversy Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1070 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hammond, F. Wiebel, L. T Kozlowski, R. Borland, K M. Cummings, R. J O'Connor, A. McNeill, G. N Connolly, D. Arnott, and G. T Fong Revising the machine smoking regime for cigarette emissions: implications for tobacco control policy Tob. Control, February 1, 2007; 16(1): 8 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K M. Cummings, A. Brown, and C. E Douglas Consumer acceptable risk: how cigarette companies have responded to accusations that their products are defective Tob. Control, December 1, 2006; 15(suppl_4): iv84 - iv89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. O'Connor, G. A. Giovino, L. T. Kozlowski, S. Shiffman, A. Hyland, J. T. Bernert, R. S. Caraballo, and K. M. Cummings Changes in Nicotine Intake and Cigarette Use Over Time in Two Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Samples of Smokers Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2006; 164(8): 750 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Gray The consequences of the unregulated cigarette. Tob. Control, October 1, 2006; 15(5): 405 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hammond, G. T. Fong, K. M. Cummings, R. J. O'Connor, G. A. Giovino, and A. McNeill Cigarette yields and human exposure: a comparison of alternative testing regimens. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2006; 15(8): 1495 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L T Kozlowski, R J O'Connor, G A Giovino, C A Whetzel, J Pauly, and K M Cummings Maximum yields might improve public health--if filter vents were banned: a lesson from the history of vented filters Tob. Control, June 1, 2006; 15(3): 262 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J O'Connor, K M. Cummings, G. A Giovino, A. McNeill, and L. T Kozlowski How did UK cigarette makers reduce tar to 10 mg or less? BMJ, February 4, 2006; 332(7536): 302 - 302. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S Gill and F. O'May People seem confused about sensible drinking messages BMJ, February 4, 2006; 332(7536): 302 - 303. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R S Caraballo, L L Pederson, and N Gupta New tobacco products: do smokers like them? Tob. Control, February 1, 2006; 15(1): 39 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hammond, G. T. Fong, K. M. Cummings, and A. Hyland Smoking Topography, Brand Switching, and Nicotine Delivery: Results from an In vivo Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1370 - 1375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N Gray, J E Henningfield, N L Benowitz, G N Connolly, C Dresler, K Fagerstrom, M J Jarvis, and P Boyle Toward a comprehensive long term nicotine policy Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 161 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. O'Connor, J. P. Stitt, and L. T. Kozlowski A Digital Image Analysis System for Identifying Filter Vent Blocking on Ultralight Cigarettes Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2005; 14(2): 533 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L T Kozlowski, N A Dreschel, S D Stellman, J Wilkenfeld, E B Weiss, and M E Goldberg An extremely compensatible cigarette by design: documentary evidence on industry awareness and reactions to the Barclay filter design cheating the tar testing system Tob. Control, February 1, 2005; 14(1): 64 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N Gray and P Boyle The case of the disappearing nitrosamines: a potentially global phenomenon Tob. Control, March 1, 2004; 13(1): 13 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R Borland A strategy for controlling the marketing of tobacco products: a regulated market model Tob. Control, December 1, 2003; 12(4): 374 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W King, S M Carter, R Borland, S Chapman, and N Gray The Australian tar derby: the origins and fate of a low tar harm reduction programme Tob. Control, December 1, 2003; 12(90003): iii61 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R W Pollay and T Dewhirst A Premiere example of the illusion of harm reduction cigarettes in the 1990s Tob. Control, September 1, 2003; 12(3): 322 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L S Lewis, L T Kozlowski, and R J O'Connor Filter vent blocking * Authors' reply Tob. Control, September 1, 2002; 11(3): 285 - 286. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K M Cummings and R W Pollay Exposing Mr Butts' tricks of the trade Tob. Control, March 1, 2002; 11(90001): i1 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J L Pauly, A B Mepani, J D Lesses, K M Cummings, and R J Streck Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: what Philip Morris never told smokers Tob. Control, March 1, 2002; 11(90001): i51 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K M Cummings, C P Morley, and A Hyland Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking Tob. Control, March 1, 2002; 11(90001): i110 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS | REGISTER |
