RESEARCH PAPER

Workplace smoking related absenteeism and productivity costs in Taiwan

S P Tsai¹, C P Wen², S C Hu³, T Y Cheng², S J Huang⁴

¹ The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
² Division of Health Policy Research, National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
³ Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
⁴ Department of Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Shan Pou Tsai
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; shan.tsai{at}shell.com

Objective: To estimate productivity losses and financial costs to employers caused by cigarette smoking in the Taiwan workplace.

Methods: The human capital approach was used to calculate lost productivity. Assuming the value of lost productivity was equal to the wage/salary rate and basing the calculations on smoking rate in the workforce, average days of absenteeism, average wage/salary rate, and increased risk and absenteeism among smokers obtained from earlier research, costs due to smoker absenteeism were estimated. Financial losses caused by passive smoking, smoking breaks, and occupational injuries were calculated.

Results: Using a conservative estimate of excess absenteeism from work, male smokers took off an average of 4.36 sick days and male non-smokers took off an average of 3.30 sick days. Female smokers took off an average of 4.96 sick days and non-smoking females took off an average of 3.75 sick days. Excess absenteeism caused by employee smoking was estimated to cost US$178 million per annum for males and US$6 million for females at a total cost of US$184 million per annum. The time men and women spent taking smoking breaks amounted to nine days per year and six days per year, respectively, resulting in reduced output productivity losses of US$733 million. Increased sick leave costs due to passive smoking were approximately US$81 million. Potential costs incurred from occupational injuries among smoking employees were estimated to be US$34 million.

Conclusions: Financial costs caused by increased absenteeism and reduced productivity from employees who smoke are significant in Taiwan. Based on conservative estimates, total costs attributed to smoking in the workforce were approximately US$1032 million.

Keywords: absenteeism; smoking prevalence; productivity; occupational injuries; cessation

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• (2005). Smoking at work costs Taiwan $US1bn. Occup. Environ. Med. 62: 669-669 [Full Text]  
• Wen, C P (2005). Facilitating the critical process in tobacco control. Tobacco Control 14: i1-i3 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wen, C P, Levy, D T, Cheng, T Y., Hsu, C-C, Tsai, S P (2005). Smoking behaviour in Taiwan, 2001. Tobacco Control 14: i51-i55 [Abstract] [Full Text]