RESEARCH PAPER

Non-smokers seeking help for smokers: a preliminary study

S-H Zhu, Q B Nguyen, S Cummins, S Wong, V Wightman

University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Shu-Hong Zhu
PhD, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0905, La Jolla, CA 92093-0905, USA; szhu{at}ucsd.edu

Objectives: To examine the phenomenon of non-smokers spontaneously taking action to seek help for smokers; to provide profiles of non-smoking helpers by language and ethnic groups.

Setting: A large, statewide tobacco quitline (California Smokers’ Helpline) in operation since 1992 in California, providing free cessation services in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese.

Subjects: Callers between August 1992 and September 2005 who identified themselves as either white, black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Asian (n = 349 110). A subset of these were "proxies": callers seeking help for someone else. For more detailed analysis, n = 2143 non-smoking proxies calling from October 2004 through September 2005.

Main outcome measures: Proportions of proxies among all callers in each of seven language/ethnic groups; demographics of proxies; and proxies’ relationships to smokers on whose behalf they called.

Results: Over 22 000 non-smoking proxies called. Proportions differed dramatically across language/ethnic groups, from mean (±95% confidence interval) 2.7 (0.3)% among English-speaking American Indians through 9.3 (0.3)% among English-speaking Hispanics to 35.3 (0.7)% among Asian-speaking Asians. Beyond the differences in proportion, however, remarkable similarities emerged across all groups. Proxies were primarily women (79.2 (1.7)%), living in the same household as the smokers (65.0 (2.1)%), and having either explicit or implicit understandings with the smokers that calling on their behalf was acceptable (90.0 (1.3)%).

Conclusions: The willingness of non-smokers to seek help for smokers holds promise for tobacco cessation and may help address ethnic and language disparities. Non-smoking women in smokers’ households may be the first group to target.

Abbreviations: AA, Asian speaking Asian; EA, English speaking Asian; EAI, English speaking American Indian; EB, English speaking black; EH, English speaking Hispanic; EW, English speaking white; SH, Spanish speaking Hispanic; SHS, secondhand smoke

Keywords: tobacco cessation; non-smokers; help-seeking; gender; social support; culture; quitline

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