RESEARCH PAPER

Parental smoking and children’s respiratory health: independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure

Sam Pattenden¹, Temenuga Antova², Manfred Neuberger³, Bojidar Nikiforov⁴, Manuela De Sario⁵, Leticia Grize⁶, Joachim Heinrich⁷, Frantiska Hruba⁸, Nicole Janssen⁹, Heike Luttmann-Gibson¹⁰, Larissa Privalova¹¹, Peter Rudnai¹², Anna Splichalova¹³, Renata Zlotkowska¹⁴ and Tony Fletcher¹

¹ London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
² National Centre of Public Health Protection, Bulgaria
³ Institute of Environmental Health, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
⁴ National Centre of Hygiene, Medical Ecology & Nutrition, Bulgaria
⁵ Department of Epidemiology, Health Authority of Rome, Rome, Italy
⁶ Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
⁷ Institute of Epidemiology, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
⁸ Department of Health Informatics and Statistics, Institute of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
⁹ Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands
¹⁰ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
¹¹ Urals Regional Center for Environmental Epidemiology, Russia
¹² National Institute of Environmental Health, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
¹³ Centre of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health Ostrava, Czech Republic
¹⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Professor Manfred Neuberger
Institute of Environmental Health, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Wien, Austria; manfred.neuberger{at}meduniwien.ac.at

Objectives: Adverse effects have been reported of prenatal and/or postnatal passive exposure to smoking on children’s health. Uncertainties remain about the relative importance of smoking at different periods in the child’s life. We investigate this in a pooled analysis, on 53 879 children from 12 cross-sectional studies—components of the PATY study (Pollution And The Young).

Methods: Effects were estimated, within each study, of three exposures: mother smoked during pregnancy, parental smoking in the first two years, current parental smoking. Outcomes were: wheeze, asthma, "woken by wheeze", bronchitis, nocturnal cough, morning cough, "sensitivity to inhaled allergens" and hay fever. Logistic regressions were used, controlling for individual risk factors and study area. Heterogeneity between study-specific results, and mean effects (allowing for heterogeneity) were estimated using meta-analytical tools.

Results: There was strong evidence linking parental smoking to wheeze, asthma, bronchitis and nocturnal cough, with mean odds ratios all around 1.15, with independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures for most associations.

Conclusions: Adverse effects of both pre- and postnatal parental smoking on children’s respiratory health were confirmed. Asthma was most strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, but postnatal exposure showed independent associations with a range of other respiratory symptoms. All tobacco smoke exposure has serious consequences for children’s respiratory health and needs to be reduced urgently.

Keywords: tobacco smoke; fetus; child; respiratory symptoms; asthma

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