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RESEARCH PAPER |
1 Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
2 Tobacco Control Law & Policy Consulting, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
3 Center for Tobacco Use Prevention and Research, Michigan Public Health Institute, Okemos, Michigan, USA
4 University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
5 OhioHealth Nicotine Dependence Program, Columbus, Ohio, USA
6 Ringold, Georgia, USA, US Public Health Service (retired)
Correspondence to:
Sharon Milberger
ScD, Center for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, 5C, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; smilber1{at}hfhs.org
Background: In the late 1990s and the early part of this decade, the major US cigarette manufacturers admitted, to varying degrees, that smoking causes cancer and other diseases.
Objective: To examine how tobacco manufacturers have defended themselves against charges that their products caused cancer in plaintiffs in 34 personal injury lawsuits, all but one of which were litigated between the years 1986 and 2003.
Methods: Defence opening and closing statements, trial testimony, and depositions for these cases were obtained from the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta/). All available defence-related transcripts from these cases were reviewed and a content analysis was conducted to identify common themes in the defendants’ arguments.
Results: After review of the transcripts, defendants’ arguments were grouped into seven categories: (1) there is no scientific proof that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer; (2) the plaintiff did not have lung cancer as claimed; (3) the plaintiff had a type of lung cancer not associated with cigarette smoking; (4) the plaintiff had cancer that may have been associated with cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco use, but tobacco products were not to blame in this particular case; (5) the plaintiff had cancer that may have been associated with cigarette smoking, but the defendant’s cigarette brands were not to blame; (6) the defendant’s cigarettes (or smokeless tobacco) may have played a role in the plaintiff’s illness/death, but other risk factors were present that negate or mitigate the defendant’s responsibility; and (7) the defendant’s cigarettes may have been a factor in the plaintiff’s illness/death, but the plaintiff knew of the health risks and exercised free will in choosing to smoke and declining to quit. Use of the argument that smoking is not a proven cause of lung cancer declined in frequency during and after the period when tobacco companies began to publicly admit that smoking causes disease. Corresponding increases occurred over time in the use of other arguments (namely, presence of other risk factors and "free will").
Conclusions: Despite the vast body of literature showing that cigarette smoking causes cancer, and despite tobacco companies’ recent admissions that smoking causes cancer, defendants used numerous arguments in these cases to deny that their products had caused cancer in plaintiffs. The cigarette companies, through their public admissions and courtroom arguments, seem to be saying, "Yes, smoking causes lung cancer, but not in people who sue us".
Abbreviations: B&W, Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation; BAC, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; BAT, British American Tobacco; DATTA, Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive; RJR, RJ Reynolds; USSTC, US Smokeless Tobacco Company
Keywords: MeSH; tobacco; smoking; tobacco industry; legal cases; personal injury
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  L. C Friedman Philip Morris's website and television commercials use new language to mislead the public into believing it has changed its stance on smoking and disease Tob. Control, December 1, 2007; 16(6): e9 - e9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D D. Blanke and H. H Humphrey III Putting truth into action: using the evidence for justice Tob. Control, December 1, 2006; 15(suppl_4): iv1 - iv3. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E Goldberg, R. M Davis, and A. M. O'Keefe The role of tobacco advertising and promotion: themes employed in litigation by tobacco industry witnesses Tob. Control, December 1, 2006; 15(suppl_4): iv54 - iv67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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