RESEARCH PAPER

Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: the effect of smoke-free legislation

Sean Semple¹, Karen S Creely², Audrey Naji², Brian G Miller², Jon G Ayres¹

¹ Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
² Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr S Semple
Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZP, UK; sean.semple{at}abdn.ac.uk

Objective: To compare levels of particulate matter, as a marker of secondhand smoke (SHS) levels, in pubs before and 2 months after the implementation of Scottish legislation to prohibit smoking in substantially enclosed public places.

Design: Comparison of SHS levels before and after the legislation in a random selection of 41 pubs in 2 Scottish cities.

Methods: Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM_2.5) was measured discreetly for 30 min in each bar on 1 or 2 visits in the 8 weeks preceding the starting date of the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 and then again 2 months after the ban. Repeat visits were undertaken on the same day of the week and at approximately the same time of the day.

Results: PM_2.5 levels before the introduction of the legislation averaged 246 µg/m³ (range 8–902 µg/m³). The average level reduced to 20 µg/m³ (range 6–104 µg/m³) in the period after the ban. Levels of SHS were reduced in all 53 post-ban visits, with the average reduction being 86% (range 12–99%). PM_2.5 concentrations in most pubs post-ban were comparable to the outside ambient air PM_2.5 level.

Conclusions: This study has produced the largest dataset of pre- and post-ban SHS levels in pubs of all worldwide smoke-free legislations introduced to date. Our results show that compliance with the Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 has been high and this has led to a marked reduction in SHS concentrations in Scottish pubs, thereby reducing both the occupational exposure of workers in the hospitality sector and that of non-smoking patrons.

Abbreviations: EPA, Environmental Protection Agency; PM_2.5, particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter; RSP, respirable suspended particulate; SHS, secondhand smoke; WHO, World Health Organization

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