RESEARCH PAPER

The California Tobacco Control Program’s effect on adult smokers: (1) Smoking cessation

Karen Messer¹, John P Pierce¹, Shu-Hong Zhu¹, Anne M Hartman², Wael K Al-Delaimy¹, Dennis R Trinidad¹, Elizabeth A Gilpin¹

¹ Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
² Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr J P Pierce
Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, 0901, La Jolla, California 92093-0901, USA; jppierce{at}ucsd.edu

Objectives: To estimate national population trends in long-term smoking cessation by age group and to compare cessation rates in California (CA) with those of two comparison groups of states.

Setting: Retrospective smoking history of a population sample from the US: from CA, with a comprehensive tobacco-control programme since 1989 with the goal of denormalising tobacco use; from New York and New Jersey (NY & NJ), with similar high cigarette prices but no comprehensive programme; and from the tobacco-growing states (TGS), with low cigarette prices, no tobacco-control programme and social norms relatively supportive of tobacco use.

Participants: Respondents to the Current Population Survey–Tobacco Use Supplements (1992–2002; n = 57 918 non-Hispanic white ever-smokers).

Main outcome measures: The proportion of recent ever-smokers attaining long-term abstinence (quit 1 year) and the successful-quit ratio (the proportion of all ever-smokers abstinent 1 year).

Results: Nationally, long-term cessation rates increased by 25% from the 1980s to the 1990s, averaging 3.4% per year in the 1990s. Cessation increased for all age groups, and by >40% (p<0.001) among smokers aged 20–34 years. For smokers aged <50 years, higher cigarette prices were associated with higher quitting rates. For smokers aged <35 years, quitting rates in CA were higher than in either comparison group (p<0.05). Half of the ever-smokers had quit smoking by age 44 years in CA, 47 years in NY & NJ, and by age 54 years in TGS.

Conclusion: Successful smoking cessation increased by 25% during the1990s in the US. Comprehensive tobacco-control programmes were associated with greater cessation success than were with high cigarette prices alone, although both effects were limited to younger adults.

Abbreviations: CPS, Current Population Survey; TGS, tobacco-growing states; TUS, Tobacco Use Supplements; TUS–CPS, Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey

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