rss
Tob Control 2005;14:384-388 doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011635
  • Research paper

Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars

  1. M Mulcahy1,
  2. D S Evans2,
  3. S K Hammond3,
  4. J L Repace4,
  5. M Byrne5
  1. 1Health Service Executive, Western Area, The Annex, Galway, Republic of Ireland
  2. 2Health Service Executive, Western Area, Department of Public Health, Merlin Park Hospital, Galway, Republic of Ireland
  3. 3University of California, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
  4. 4Tufts University School of Medicine, c/o Repace Associates, Inc, Bowie, Maryland, USA
  5. 5Department of Experimental Physics at National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
  1. Correspondence to:
 Maurice Mulcahy
 MSc, Principal Environmental Health Officer, Health Service Executive, Western Area, The Annex, Seamus Quirke Road, Galway, Republic of Ireland; mauricemulcahy{at}eircom.net
  • Received 23 February 2005
  • Accepted 28 September 2005

Abstract

Objective: To investigate whether the Irish smoking ban has had an impact on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures for hospitality workers.

Design, setting, and participants: Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n  =  35) from a sample of city hotels (n  =  15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. Additionally, a random sample (n  =  20) of city centre bars stratified by size (range 400–5000 square feet), were tested for air nicotine concentrations using passive samplers before and after the ban.

Main outcome measures: Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (μg/cubic metre).

Results: Cotinine concentrations reduced by 69%, from 1.6 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml median (SD 1.29; p < 0.005). Overall 74% of subjects experienced decreases (range 16–99%), with 60% showing a halving of exposure levels at follow up. Self reported exposure to SHS at work showed a significant reduction from a median 30 hours a week to zero (p < 0.001). There was an 83% reduction in air nicotine concentrations from median 35.5 µg/m3 to 5.95 µg/m3 (p < 0.001). At baseline, three bars (16%) were below the 6.8 μg/m3 air nicotine significant risk level for lung cancer alone; at follow up this increased to 10 (53%).

Conclusions: Passive smoking and associated risks were significantly reduced but not totally eliminated. Exposure to SHS is still possible for those working where smoking is still allowed and those working where smoke may migrate from outdoor areas. Further research is required to assess the true extent and magnitude of these exposures.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests: MM is a member of the Board of ASH Ireland. JLR is also a secondhand smoke consultant.

  • Statement of independence: The research was conducted independently and without input or influence by the funding organisations

  • Ethical approval was not necessary

This Article

  1. Abstract
  2. Full text
  3. PDF

Responses

  1. Submit a response
  2. No responses published

Register for free content

The full back archive is now available for all BMJ Journals. Institutional subscribers may access the entire archive as part of their subscription. Personal subscribers will also have access to all content when logged in. Non-subscribers who register have free access to all articles published before 2006 right back to volume 1 issue 1. Register hereto access the free archive of all BMJ Journals.

Don't forget to sign up for content alertsso you keep up to date with all the articles as they are published.