Regular ArticleModels of the Relationship of Stress, Depression, and Other Psychosocial Factors to Smoking Behavior: A Comparison of a Cohort of Students in Grades 6 and 8☆,☆☆
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2013, Medical HypothesesCitation Excerpt :Low levels of self-esteem are associated with cigarette smoking in adolescence and the same seems to be true in adults [15,25,26]. High levels of anxiety, stress and depression are also associated with smoking, although the interactions between these characteristics may be complex [23,24,27–31]. Finally, adolescent smokers are often identified as isolated and lonely [32–34].
Incorporating behavioral research to examine the relationship between betel quid chewing and oral cancer in Taiwan
2012, BioMedicine (Netherlands)Citation Excerpt :For example, individuals who showed high sensitivity to their initial exposure to nicotine [39], those with neurotic personality [40], those who suffered from major depression or schizophrenia [41], and those who met criteria for conduct or oppositional defiant disorder [42–44] were at higher risk of becoming smokers. Other studies showed that differences in life experiences such as poor or abusive childhood [45,46], major negative life events [47], and acute or chronic life stressors [48,49] increased a person's risk of taking up smoking. Furthermore, energy-balance factors, such as weight control, have been found to influence adolescents, especially young women, in starting smoking [50,51].
Longitudinal effects of hostility, depression, and bullying on adolescent smoking initiation
2011, Journal of Adolescent HealthCitation Excerpt :Depressed adolescents are more likely to initiate smoking than their less depressed counterparts; however, there is still controversy about the direction of causality in the depression-smoking relationship because smoking is also associated with an increased risk of subsequent depression [20,21]. Some studies suggested that smoking might develop in an attempt to cope with psychological distress, and that depressive symptoms can leave adolescents more vulnerable to peer smoking influences [22,23]. Other research has shown that depressive symptoms grow worse over time [24].
Factors influencing gender differences in smoking and their separate contributions: Evidence from South Korea
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The authors thank Jo-Anne Aubut for her help in preparing this paper, in particular, with the references and other refinements to the text.
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This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute of Canada, Grant 008080, awarded to Dr. J. Koval, and by the National Health Research and Development Program (Canada), Grant 6606-4478-62, awarded to Dr. L. Pederson and Dr. J. Koval.
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