Abstract
Rationale
Non-daily, or intermittent smokers (ITS), are increasingly prevalent. Their smoking may be more situational than that of daily smokers (DS), and thus is hypothesized to be more influenced by cues.
Objectives
To assess ITS’ response to cues, and compare it to that of DS.
Methods
Samples of 239 ITS and 207 DS (previously reported in Shiffman et al. 2012a) were studied in 2,586 laboratory cue-reactivity sessions. Craving (Questionnaire of Smoking Urges) and smoking (probability, latency, puff parameters, and carbon monoxide increases) in response to cues was assessed following exposure to neutral cues and cues related to smoking, alcohol, negative affect, positive affect, and smoking prohibitions. Mixed effects models, generalized estimating equations and random-effects survival analyses were used to assess response to cues and differences between DS and ITS.
Results
ITS’ craving increased following exposure to smoking and alcohol cues and decreased following positive affect cues, but cues had little effect on smoking behaviors. Cue reactivity was similar in ITS and DS. Among ITS, craving intensity predicted smoking probability, latency, and intensity, and the effects on latency were stronger among ITS than DS.
Conclusions
Contrary to hypotheses, ITS were not more responsive to laboratory cues than DS. Results show that ITS do experience craving and craving increases that are then associated with smoking.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grant R01-DA020742 (Shiffman) from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Additional support for authors was provided by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (Dunbar), National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR024154-03; Tindle), National Cancer Institute grants R25-CA057703-15 (Dunbar) and R01-CA141596-02 (Tindle) and Cancer Council Tasmania (Ferguson). The authors are grateful to Ken Perkins and Steve Tiffany for input on study design; to Anna Tsivina, Joe Stafura, Rachelle Gish, and Aileen Butera for their work conducting research sessions; to Chantele Mitchell-Miland for data management and preparation; to Laura Homonnay-Demilio for editorial assistance; and to Ellen Beckjord for providing critique of a draft of this article.
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Shiffman, S., Dunbar, M.S., Kirchner, T.R. et al. Cue reactivity in non-daily smokers. Psychopharmacology 226, 321–333 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2909-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2909-4