Smoking and passive smoking during pregnancy and early infancy: Effects on birth weight, lactation period, and cotinine concentrations in mother's milk and infant's urine☆
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2024, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthThirdhand smoke associations with the gut microbiomes of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: An observational study
2021, Environmental ResearchCitation Excerpt :It is well-established that mothers who smoke cigarettes transmit nicotine and cotinine (i.e., nicotine's metabolite) through breastmilk. Furthermore, our data add to a growing literature (Schwartz-Bickenbach et al., 1987; Szukalska et al., 2021) that cotinine is also transmitted by the breastmilk of non-tobacco users who live with individuals who use tobacco. Our finding of NNAL in the 2 mothers who reported current smoking and gave breastmilk samples confirmed that NNAL transmits through breastmilk.
Tobacco smoking and breastfeeding: Effect on the lactation process, breast milk composition and infant development. A critical review
2016, Environmental ResearchCitation Excerpt :Infants of mothers smoking during pregnancy are usually born with lower birth weights by 150–250 g than infants of non-smoking women (Fried, 1993). The results of studies on weight gain of breastfed babies of smoking mothers are varied (Schulte-Hobein et al., 1992; Schwartz-Bickenbach et al., 1987; Little et al., 1994; Nafstad et al., 1997; Boshuizen et al., 1998; Visscher et al., 2003; Shenassa et al., 2015). Nevertheless, there are reports indicating that nicotine in breast milk may suppress the infant’s appetite or desire to breastfeed (Fant et al., 1996).
Recreational drugs
2015, Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment: Third EditionPrenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and development of insulin resistance in 10 year old children
2011, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental HealthCitation Excerpt :Previously, the nicotine exposure was found to be significantly increased in exclusively breastfed children (cotinine/creatinine ratio: 801 ng/mg (range 325–1693)) compared to bottle-fed children (65 ng/mg (range 28–101)). A difference can be observed after the first week of life as well as after 4 month (Schwartz-Bickenbach et al., 1987). Exclusively breastfed children of smoking mothers can be interpreted as a highly exposed subgroup.
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Presented at the International Experimental Toxicology Symposium on Passive Smoking, October 23–25, 1986, Essen (F.R.G.).