Effects of youth access policies from 1993 to 2000
| Year | Policies | Outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECPO | Punish | MC | SSBAN | VMBAN | Retail compliance | % Reduction ages <16 | % Reduction ages 16 and 17 | |||
| 1993 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1994 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1995 | 0.08 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 1996 | 0.08 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1997 | 0.12 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 3 | 1 | ||
| 1998 | 0.20 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 4 | 2 | ||
| 1999 | 0.28 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 7 | 4 | ||
| 2000 | 0.28 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 7 | 4 | ||
For key to abbreviations see appendix .
Punish (punishment) is based on a scale in appendix .
MC (merchant concern) is based on a scale in appendix .