Kintz60 | 92 | France | 31(non-smokers) | Range: 0.06–1.82 | 0.01–0.13 | (17–69) | GC/MS; 0.005 nicotine; 0.01 cotinine | | Volunteers |
| | | 56 (smokers) | Range: 0.91–38.27 | 0.09–4.99 | | | | |
|
Kintz et al58 | 92 | France | 22 (non-exposed, passive) | Range: 0.06–1.82 | 0.01–0.13 | (7–66) | GC/MS; 0.01 nicotine; 0.01 cotinine | | Volunteers |
| | | | Range: 0.54–1.82 | 0.01–0.13 | | | | |
| | | 42 (smokers) | Range: 0.91–33.89 | 0.09–4.99 | | | | |
|
Kintz & Mangin68 | 93 | France | 40 (in utero exposure) | Range: 0.11–11.8 | | Newborn | GC/MS; 0.01 nicotine | r=0.83 (neonate to mother nicotine) | Delivery unit |
| | | 40 (smokers) | Range: 0.37–63.5 | | Mothers | | | |
|
Zahlsen et al21 | 94 | Norway | 7 (non-smokers) | Mean: 0.87 | | 4 years (25–64) | GC/MS; 0.05 nicotine | | Volunteer |
| | | 13 (smokers) | Mean: 42.4 | | | | | |
|
Eliopoulus et al23 | 94 | Canada | 35 (non-exposed mother, newborn) | Mean: 1.2, 0.4 (mother, newborn) | 0.3, 0.26 | 1–3 day old newborns and their mothers | RIA; 0.25 nicotine; 0.1 cotinine | | Newborn nurseries |
| | | 23 (passive mother, newborn) | Mean: 3.2, 0.28 (mother, newborn) | 0.9, 0.6 | | | | |
| | | 36 (smokers mother, newborn) | Mean: 19.2, 2.4 (mother, newborn) | 6.3, 2.8 | | | | |
|
Nafstad et al1 | 95 | Norway | 19 (non-exposed) | Median: 0.7 | | 12–36 months infants | GC/MS; 0.05 nicotine | r=0.64 (nicotine to cigarettes); r=0.56 (nicotine to urine cotinine) | Child health centre |
| | | 34 (low passive) | Median: 2.4 | | | | | |
| | | 19 (high passive) | Median: 8.7 | | | | | |
|
Eliopoulus et al2 | 96 | Canada | 36 (smokers) | Mean: 19.91 | 1.72 | Adults (20–36) | RIA; 0.5 nicotine; 0.25 cotinine | r=0.48 (nicotine to cigarettes) | Volunteers |
Pichini et al4 | 97 | Italy | 10 (non-exposed) | Mean: 1.3 | ND | Infants (3–36 months) | HPLC; 0.2 nicotine; 0.1 cotinine | p=0.01 for difference between low and high passive | Nursery school |
| | | 7 (low passive) | Mean: 6.8 | ND | | | | |
| | | 7 (high passive) | Mean: 15.4 | 0.89 | | | | |
|
Nafstad et al20 | 97 | Norway | 24 (non-smoker mother, child) | Median: ∼2; ∼2 (child) | | 1–3 year old child and their mothers | GC/MS; 0.05 nicotine | r=0.69 (nicotine to cigarettes) | Child health centre |
| | | 69 (smoking mother, child) | Median: 19.6; 5 (child) | | | | | |
|
Dimich-Ward et al59 | 97 | Canada | 8 (non-exposed) | G mean: 0.1 | <0.01 | 35 years (22–52) | GC/MS; 0.03 nicotine; 0.01 cotinine | p=0.019 for difference in nicotine levels; p=0.46 for cotinine | Selected hospitality workers |
| | | 8 (low passive) | G mean: 0.34 | 0.013 | | | | |
| | | 5 (high passive) | G mean: 1.03 | <0.01 | | | | |
| | | 5 (smokers) | G mean: 1.19 | 0.02 | | | | |
|
Sovik et al69 | 99 | Norway | 16 (non-exposed) | Median: 0.72 | | Newborn | GC/MS; 0.01 nicotine | At 10 weeks of age; r=0.63 nicotine to cig of mother (at 10 weeks: median 2.15 non-exposed; median 8.66 exposed) | Case control study of oxygen sensitivity |
| | | 15 (intrauterine exposed) | Median 0.76 | | | | | |
|
Al-Delaimy et al24 | 00 | New Zealand | 23 (non-exposed) | Median: ND | 0.025 | Children 3 months to 10 years | RIA; 0.1 nicotine; 0.05 cotinine | Median nicotine: 0.49 (child), 3.02 mother. Median cotinine: 0.07 (child), 0.17 (mother) | Cross sectional survey of hospital children |
| | | 48 (1 smoker at home) | Median: 0.28 | 0.038 | | | | |
| | | 29 (2 smokers at home) | Median: 1.46 | 0.156 | | | | |
| | | 12 (>2 smokers at home) | Median: 2.02 | 0.10 | | | | |
|
Al-Delaimy et al28 | 01 | New Zealand | 13 (no exposure) | Median: 0.62 | | Median 24 years (15–53) | HPLC-ECD; 0.1 nicotine | r=0.48 nicotine to number of cigarettes smoked; p<0.001 in relation ETS exposure | Cross sectional bars and restaurant staff |
| | | 43 (50% passive) | Median: 2.72 | | | | | |
| | | 13 (100% passive) | Median: 6.69 | | | | | |
| | | 45 (smoker) | Median: 7.92 | | | | | |
Al-Delaimy et al26 | 01 | New Zealand | 101 (no exposure) | G mean: 0.58 | | 3–27 months | HPLC-ECD; 0.1 nicotine | r=0.7 nicotine to number of cigarettes smoked | Cross sectional hospital children |
| | | 69 (smoking out) | G mean: 2.63 | | | | | |
| | | 127 (smoking in) | G mean: 5.62 | | | | | |