Adjusted relative risk (RR, 95% confidence intervals) of death from all causes, ischaemic heart disease, all cancer, and lung cancer, by number of cigarettes daily recorded at screening, with never smokers as reference. 23521 male and 19201 female participants aged 35–49*
| Number of cigarettes smoked daily | Test for trend, p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–4 | 5–9 | 10–14 | 15–19 | 20–24 | 25+ | ||
| *Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or treatment for hypertension, nor symptoms of angina pectoris and atherosclerosis obliterans. | |||||||
| †Adjusted for age. | |||||||
| ‡Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index, and height. | |||||||
| Males | |||||||
| All causes | |||||||
| RR† | 1.56 (1.33 to 1.84) | 2.03 (1.85 to 2.22) | 2.47 (2.29 to 2.65) | 2.78 (2.57 to 3.00) | 3.35 (3.09 to 3.64) | 3.71 (3.34 to 4.11) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 1.57 (1.33 to 1.85) | 1.94 (1.77 to 2.12) | 2.36 (2.19 to 2.55) | 2.66 (2.46 to 2.88) | 3.19 (2.93 to 3.46) | 3.42 (3.07 to 3.81) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | |||||||
| RR† | 2.65 (2.02 to 3.48) | 2.67 (2.24 to 3.17) | 3.24 (2.81 to 3.74) | 3.89 (3.34 to 4.52) | 4.10 (3.49 to 4.82) | 4.07 (3.31 to 5.02) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 2.74 (2.07 to 3.61) | 2.47 (2.06 to 2.94) | 3.09 (2.67 to 2.58) | 3.70 (3.17 to 4.31) | 3.75 (3.18 to 4.42) | 3.60 (2.91 to 4.46) | <0.001 |
| All cancer | |||||||
| RR† | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.50) | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.98) | 2.14 (1.88 to 2.42) | 2.45 (2.14 to 2.81) | 3.03 (2.63 to 3.49) | 3.57 (2.99 to 4.26) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) | 1.63 (1.38 to 1.92) | 2.05 (1.81 to 2.34) | 2.37 (2.06 to 2.72) | 2.93 (2.54 to 3.38) | 3.41 (2.85 to 4.09) | <0.001 |
| Lung cancer | |||||||
| RR† | 2.84 (0.96 to 8.45) | 11.94 (6.97 to 20.44) | 17.98 (10.92 to 29.61) | 20.77 (12.52 to 34.47) | 33.48 (20.76 to 55.33) | 38.64 (22.74 to 65.65) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 2.79 (0.94 to 8.28) | 11.30 (6.59 to 19.39) | 16.73 (10.14 to 27.60) | 19.36 11.65 to 32.18) | 31.69 (19.14 to 52.47) | 36.22 (21.23 to 61.81) | <0.001 |
| Females | |||||||
| All causes | |||||||
| RR† | 1.44 (1.17 to 1.77) | 1.90 (1.70 to 2.13) | 2.31 (2.08 to 2.57) | 3.01 (2.60 to 3.48) | 3.29 (2.71 to 4.00) | 2.67 (1.63 to 4.38) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 1.47 (1.19 to 1.82) | 1.90 (1.69 to 2.14) | 2.29 (2.01 to 2.56) | 2.97 (2.55 to 3.45) | 3.14 (2.56 to 3.84) | 2.61 (1.59 to 4.28) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | |||||||
| RR† | 2.81 (1.67 to 4.72) | 3.69 (2.69 to 5.05) | 4.03 (2.97 to 5.48) | 5.80 (3.92 to 8.57) | 4.51 (2.52 to 8.10) | 3.89 (0.96 to 15.81) | 0.064 |
| RR‡ | 2.94 (1.75 to 4.95) | 3.55 (2.57 to 4.89) | 3.78 (2.75 to 5.18) | 5.28 (3.50 to 7.97) | 4.25 (2.35 to 7.68) | 3.53 (0.87 to 14.40) | 0.114 |
| All cancer | |||||||
| RR† | 1.11 (0.82 to 1.50) | 1.44 (1.22 to 1.69) | 1.87 (1.61 to 2.16) | 2.18 (1.76 to 2.70) | 2.73 (2.08 to 3.57) | 2.44 (1.26 to 4.72) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) | 1.44 (1.22 to 1.71) | 1.85 (1.59 to 2.16) | 2.22 (1.79 to 2.76) | 2.47 (1.86 to 3.29) | 2.43 (1.26 to 4.71) | <0.001 |
| Lung cancer | |||||||
| RR† | 5.02 (1.81 to 13.93) | 13.06 (7.14 to 23.87) | 19.19 (10.76 to 34.21) | 30.37 (16.24 to 56.81) | 27.68 (13.18 to 58.11) | 34.02 (9.77 to 118.44) | <0.001 |
| RR‡ | 5.03 (1.81 to 13.98) | 11.85 (6.43 to 21.84) | 17.62 (9.80 to 31.66) | 28.83 15.28 to 54.38) | 23.85 (11.10 to 51.25) | 31.95 (9.12 to 111.96) | <0.001 |