Representative carcinogen derived biomarker studies of people exposed to SHS
| Entry No. | Carcinogen and exposure data, if available | Biomarker concentrations | Significant difference? (SHS exposed v non-exposed) | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-HOP, 1-hydroxypyrene; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; NNAL, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; NNAL-Gluc, a mixture of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-(O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl)butane and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl-N-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl)-1-butanolonium inner salt; tt-MA, trans, trans-muconic acid. | ||||||
| 1 | PAH | 1-HOP | 00.140 µg/24 h in 19 SHS exposed people (urinary cotinine 12.3 µg/24 h) v 0.171 µg/24 h in 23 non-exposed (urinary cotinine 2.3 µg/24 h) | No | 40 | |
| BaP-Hb adducts | 0.049 fmol/mg Hb in SHS exposed, 0.083 fmol/mg Hb in non-exposed (same individuals as above) | |||||
| BaP-albumin adducts | 0.021 fmol/mg in SHS exposed, 0.019 in non-exposed (same individuals as above) | |||||
| 2 | PAH | BaP, 21.5 ng/m3; phenanthrene, 6.8 ng/m3; pyrene 17.6 ng/m3 in an experimental room with 5 smokers and 5 non-smokers | No effects on urinary hydroxyphenanthrenes (2.0 v 2.2 µg/24 h before and after SHS exposure); no effects on urinary 1-HOP (0.24 µg/24 h before and after SHS exposure); no effects on 32P-postlabelling of DNA adducts | No | 41 | |
| 3 | PAH | No differences in PAH-albumin levels in umbilical cord blood from women exposed to SHS (n = 49) v non-exposed (n = 54) | No | 48 | ||
| 4 | PAH | No effect of SHS on PAH-albumin adduct levels in 73 individuals from Aarhus, Denmark | No | 47 | ||
| 5 | PAH | 5 non-smokers exposed to SHS from 100 cigarettes (100–180 µg/m3 nicotine in the room) over an 8 h period. No effect on urinary hydroxyphenanthrenes | No | 44 | ||
| 6 | PAH | No difference in 1-HOP levels in urine of children exposed to SHS (n = 286) or not exposed (n = 126) from their parents’ smoking | No | 42 | ||
| 7 | PAH and 4-amino – biphenyl | Significantly higher levels of 4-aminobiphenyl-Hb adducts and PAH-albumin adducts in children whose mothers smoked (n = 23 for 4-aminobiphenyl-Hb, n = 44 for PAH-albumin) compared to unexposed children (n = 10 for 4-aminobiphenyl-Hb, n = 24 for PAH albumin) | Yes | 46 | ||
| 8 | NNK | 75–263 ng/m3 in a 16 m3 room | Significantly increased levels of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc in urine of 5 men after exposure to SHS | Yes | 52 | |
| 9 | NNK | Significantly increased levels of NNAL-Gluc in hospital workers (n = 9) exposed to SHS compared to controls | Yes | 54 | ||
| 10 | NNK | 2.4–50 ng/m3 in 19 rooms where smoking took place | NNAL+NNAL-Gluc levels correlated with nicotine on personal sampler in SHS exposed subjects | Yes | 56 | |
| 11 | NNK | NNAL+NNAL-Gluc levels significantly higher in women (n = 23) who lived with men who smoked compared to women (n = 22) who lived with men who did not smoke | Yes | 55 | ||
| 12 | NNK | 34% of 204 children with cotinine >5 ng/ml urine; 52/54 of these samples had detectable NNAL+NNAL-Gluc. Levels of NNAL+NNAL-Gluc significantly higher in SHS exposed than in non-exposed children | Yes | 53 | ||
| 13 | 4-Aminobiphenyl | Higher 4-aminobiphenyl-Hb adducts (27.8 pg/g Hb) in 9 pregnant women with >2.0 µg/m3 nicotine (personal exposure) than in 0.5–1.9 µg/m3 (n = 20, 20.8 pg/g Hb) than in <0.5 µg/m3 (n = 7, 17.6 pg/g Hb) | Yes | 57 | ||
| 14 | 4-Aminobiphenyl and other aromatic amines | No relation of aromatic amine-Hb adducts to reported SHS exposure or cotinine/creatinine ratios in 73 pregnant women | No | 51 | ||
| 15 | 4-Aminobiphenyl and other aromatic amines | No increase of aromatic amine-Hb adducts with increased exposure to SHS, confirmed by cotinine, in 224 children | No | 60 | ||
| 16 | Benzene (geometric means) | 16.5 (2.3) µg/m3, personal exposure (non-smokers, no SHS) | tt-MA | 38.9 (2.4) µg/l (n = 42) | Yes | 65 |
| 25.4 (2.9) µg/m3, (non-smokers, SHS) | 54.7 (2.9) µg/l (n = 27) | |||||
| 17 | Benzene | 2–100 µg/m3, personal exposure (n = 69 non-smokers from smoking and non-smoking households) | tt-MA not correlated with benzene. Marginal difference in tt-MA, non-smokers from smoking homes compared to non-smoking homes | No | 67 | |
| 18 | Benzene | 11.5 µg/m3, personal exposure (non-smokers, non-smoking homes, n = 39) | tt-MA | 92 µg/g creatinine | No | 68 |
| 13.6 µg/m3, (non-smokers, smoking homes, n = 43) | 126 µg/g creatinine | |||||
| 19 | Benzene | 11.5 µg/m3, personal exposure (children, smoking homes, n = 24) | tt-MA | 130 µg/g creatinine | No | 66 |
| 19.7 µg/m3, (children, non-smoking homes, n = 15) | 112 µg/g creatinine | |||||
| 20 | Benzene | tt-MA | 3.84 (1.6) ng/µl in 53 SHS exposed children | No | 64 | |
| 4.02 (1.1) ng/µl in 26 non-exposed | ||||||
| 3.53 (1.4) ng/µl when urinary cotinine ⩽44 ng/ml (n = 39) | Yes | |||||
| 4.32 (1.4) ng/µl when urinary cotinine ⩾44 ng/ml (n = 39) | ||||||
| 21 | Benzene | <0.19–22 µg/m3, personal exposure, in 5 females exposed to SHS | tt-MA | 34–74 µg excreted on non-exposure days | Yes | 63 |
| 42–95 µg excreted on exposure days | ||||||
| 22 | Ethylene oxide | Ethylene oxide-Hb adducts not different in 28 subjects exposed to SHS v 74 non-exposed | No | 70 | ||
| 23 | Unknown | No difference in 8-OHdG levels in leucocytes of adults unexposed (n = 36), exposed 1–4 h/day to SHS (n = 35), and exposed >4 h/day (n = 21) | No | 71 | ||
| 24 | Unknown | No difference in placental levels of 8-OHdG in 10 non-smokers v 9 non-smokers exposed to SHS, validated by plasma and urine cotinine. No effects of SHS on adducts detected by 32P-postlabelling | No | 72 | ||
| 25 | Unknown | Significantly higher (63%) levels of 8-OHdG in blood DNA of subjects exposed to SHS (n = 38) in the workplace, by plasma cotinine than in unexposed (n = 36) | Yes | 73 | ||
| 26 | Unknown | 5 non-smokers exposed to SHS in an unventilated room, 4091 µg/m3 RSP. Marginal, non-significant increase in urinary thioethers observed | No | 41 | ||
| 27 | Unknown | No difference in urinary thioethers between low SHS (n = 23) and high SHS (n = 23) exposed individuals based on plasma cotinine. No difference in urinary thioethers between low SHS (n = 20) and high SHS (n = 19) exposure in the home | No | 80 | ||
| 28 | Unknown | No effects of SHS exposure on 32P-postlabelled DNA adducts in monocytes of 5 non-smokers exposed for 8 h | No | 77 | ||
| 29 | Unknown | No effect of SHS exposure on 32P-postlabelled DNA adducts in white blood cells of women (n = 31 exposed, 11 non-exposed) | No | 76 | ||
| 30 | Unknown | 194 students in Athens and 77 subjects in Halkida; 32P-postlabelled DNA adducts in lymphocytes showed no relation to SHS exposure in entire group but did correlate with SHS exposure measurements in winter in a subgroup living in Halkida campus area | No/Yes | 78 | ||
| 31 | Unknown +PAH | total PAH 42.3 ng/m3 | No significant increase in 32P-postlabelled adducts in sputum or lymphocytes of 15 non-smokers who spent time in smoky pubs | No | 79 | |
| 32 | Unknown | No effect of SHS exposure on oxidised plasma proteins and decreased levels of nitrated plasma proteins | No | 74 | ||