| Reference, year and location | Participants, age and study quality | Intervention/control | Follow-up (rate), intervention duration | Group outcome(s) of smoking behaviour (as presented in original publication) | ||
| Audrey et ali,49 2006, UK | n = 10 731, 12 to 13 years, high | ASSIST: 10 weeks peer-led and four health expert sessions to encourage non-smokingControl: standard prevention programs | 12 months (I: 95.7%, C: 93.4%), 10 weeks | Regular smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 2.4% (1.7 to 3.2)C: 3.1% (2.3 to 4.1)IGD: p = 0.2 | Regular smoking (high-risk group at baseline):I: 18.8% (15.7 to 22.4)C: 23.0% (19.9 to 26.9)IGD: p = 0.045 | |
| Aveyard et al,31 2001, UK | n = 8063, 13 to 14 years, high | Intervention: three lessons + three computer sessions based on stages of changeControl: standard prevention programs | 24 months (overall: 84.6%), 1 year | Regular smoking:I: 23.5%C: 22.4%OR: 1.06 (0.85 to 1.31)IGD: 1.1% (−1.8 to 4.2) | Aveyard II, regular smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 17.7%C: 16.5%OR: 1.07 (0.85 to 1.35) | |
| Bond et al,50 2004, Australia | n = 2678, 13 to 14 years, good | Gatehouse project: 10 weeks within first year, individual and environmental changes to promote well-beingControl: no intervention | 36 months (I: 90%, C: 89%), continuing | 30-day smoking:I: 24.9%C: 28.2%OR: 0.91 (0.67 to 1.24) | Bond II, regular smoking:I: 11.8%C: 15.6%OR: 0.79 (0.58 to 1.07) | |
| Botvin et al,29 2001, USA | n = 5222, seventh grade, good | Intervention: 15 sessions, life skills trainingControl: standard prevention programs | 15 months (overall: 69%), 1 year | Regular smoking (frequency scale 1–9):I: 1.73 (SE: 0.04)C: 1.94 (SE: 0.05)IGD: p = 0.001 | Regular smoking (quantity scale 1–11):I: 1.19 (SE: 0.02)C: 1.32 (SE: 0.02)IGD: p<0.001 | |
| Brown et al,51 2002, Canada | n = 2776, ninth grade, good | Intervention: teacher/student led non-smoking activitiesControl: standard prevention programs | 24 months (overall: 95.2%), continuing | Regular smoking:I: 24.9%C: 25.7%IGD: NA | Brown II, regular smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 13.4%C: 15.2%IGD: NS | |
| Chou et al,32 2006, China | n = 2661, 12.5 years, good | Intervention: 13 sessions, normative approachControl: standard prevention programs | 12 months (I: 90.4%, C: 94%), 13 weeks | Lifetime smoking:I: 45.6%C: 40.2%IGD: p = 0.01 | Chou II, 30-day smoking:I: 11.0%C: 11.2%IGD: NS | Chou III, lifetime smoking (not smoking at baseline):OR (I vs C): 1.08 (0.71 to 1.64) |
| Eisen et al,33 2003, USA | n = 7426, sixth grade, good | Skills for Adolescence: 40 sessions, life skills trainingControl: standard prevention programs | 24 months (overall: 77%), NA | Lifetime smoking:I: 28%C: 27.5%IGD: 0.5% (−1.99 to 2.99), p = 0.69 | Eisen II, 30-day smoking:I: 12.5%C: 11.5%IGD: 0.98% (−0.66 to 2.63), p = 0.23 | |
| Johnson et al,30 2005, USA | n = 3157, 11.3 years, good | Chip (I1): eight sessions, information and skills training; or Flavour (I2): same components as Chip, culturally adaptedControl: standard prevention programs | 24 months (I1: 75.2%, I2: 77.1%, C: 76.7%), NA | Lifetime smoking (not smoking at baseline):I1 vs C: 0.97 (0.75 to 1.26)I2 vs C: 0.77 (0.61 to 0.98) | Johnson II, 30-day smoking:I1 vs C: 0.74 (0.35 to 1.55)I2 vs C: 0.40 (0.18 to 0.90) | |
| Byrne et al,52 2005, Australia | n = 2719, 11 to 17 years, fair | Health intervention: four sessions, information on health effects of smoking; fitness intervention: four sessions on fitness effects; social skills intervention: four sessions on social skills trainingControl: NA | 12 months (overall: 62.3%), NA | 12-month smoking (not smoking at baseline):health: 16.0%; fitness: 17.4% (compared to health: NS); social skills: 17.2% (IGD significant compared to alternative interventions) | ||
| Crone et al,53 2003, The Netherlands | n = 2562, 13.3 years, fair | Intervention: three sessions, quit and win, peer pressureControl: standard prevention programs | 12 months (I: 37%, C: 36%), continuing | Regular smoking:I: 25%C: 29%IGD: NS | ||
| Hamilton et al,54 2005, Australia | n = 4636, 14 to 15 years, fair | Intervention: eight sessions, information and skills trainingControl: standard prevention programs | 20 months (I: 55.5%, C: 55.4%), 2 years | Regular smoking:I: 5.0%C: 10.9%OR: 0.51 (0.36 to 0.71) | Hamilton II, 30-day smoking:I: 13.9%C: 21.2%OR: 0.69 (0.53 to 0.91) | |
| Schulze et al,55 2006, Germany | n = 4043, no information, fair | Intervention: quit and win, peer pressureControl: standard prevention programs | 18 months (overall: 42%), continuing | Regular smoking:I: 38.7%C: 40.1%IGD: NA | Regular smoking (not smoking at baseline):I: 37.9%C: 38.5%OR (I vs 1.02 (0.83 to 1.24) | |
| Share et al,56 2004, Ireland | n = 620, 9 to 10 years, fair | Intervention: sessions with smoking related information and activitiesControl: NA | 60 months (no information), continuing | Lifetime smoking:I: 59%C: 55%IGD: NA | Regular smoking:I: 19%C: 24%IGD: NA | |
| Sussman et al,57 2003, USA | n = 1037, 14 to 19 years, fair | Health expert- intervention (I1): 12 sessions, social skills and decision training by experts; self-instruction- intervention (I2): same content by self-instructionControl: standard prevention programs | 24 months (I1: 55%, I2: 55%, C: 57%), NA | OR (I vs C):I1: 0.50 (0.31 to 0.81), p = 0.016I2: 0.88 (0.63 to 1.12), p = 0.253 | ||
Author names followed by II, III or abbreviation represent additional outcome measures in meta-analysis. If given, ranges in parentheses are 95% CIs. Interventions are given by program name, where applicable. Grade refers to school grade.
ASSIST, A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial; IGD, intergroup difference; C, control; I, intervention; OR, odds ratio; NS, not significant; NA, not available; SE, standard error.