Constituent | Mean level in smoke, μg/mg nicotine | 90th percentile in smoke, μg/mg nicotine | Max level in smoke, μg/mg nicotine | T25†mg/kg bw/day | Potency/mg/kg bw/day | Toxicant animal carcinogenicity index‡ | Tolerable level μg/m3 | Toxicant non-cancer response index§ | ||||
Mean | 90th percentile | Maximum | Mean | 90th percentile | Maximum | |||||||
Acetaldehyde | 695 | 859 | 997 | 82.4 | 0.01 | 7.0 | 8.6 | 10.0 | 9 | 77.2 | 95.4 | 111 |
Acetone | 359 | 446 | 501 | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Acrolein | 67.6 | 85.3 | 99.5 | I | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | 1127 | 1422 | 1658 |
Acrylonitrile | 12.3 | 16.1 | 19.5 | 6.9 | 0.14 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.9 |
1-Aminonaphthalene | 16.2¶ | 19.0¶ | 24.8¶ | 29.7 | 0.03 | 0.49×10–3 | 0.57×10–3 | 0.74×10–3 | No TL | – | – | – |
2-Aminonaphthalene | 10.1¶ | 11.6¶ | 14.3¶ | 12.8 | 0.08 | 0.81×10–3 | 0.93×10–3 | 1.1×10–3 | No TL | – | – | – |
3-Aminobiphenyl | 2.9¶ | 3.4¶ | 4.1¶ | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
4-Aminobiphenyl | 2.2¶ | 2.7¶ | 3.2¶ | ND** | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Ammonia | 21.2 | 26.8 | 40.7 | ND | – | – | – | – | 200 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.20 |
Arsenic | 4.8¶ | 6.0¶ | 6.5¶ | NQ | – | – | – | – | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
Benzene | 39.0 | 45.8 | 51.1 | 13.4 | 0.07 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 60 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.85 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | 9.0¶ | 11.2¶ | 13.8¶ | 1.1†† | 0.91 | 8.2×10–3 | 10.2×10–3 | 12.6×10–3 | No TL | – | – | – |
1,3-Butadiene | 54.1 | 65.5 | 75.5 | 4.8 | 0.21 | 11.4 | 13.8 | 15.9 | 20 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.8 |
Butyraldehyde | 43.0 | 52.4 | 63.6 | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Cadmium | 48.2¶ | 64.9¶ | 87.5¶ | 0.03 | 33 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.02 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.4 |
Carbon monoxide | 15.2‡‡ | 17.9‡‡ | 27.3‡‡ | ND | – | – | – | – | 10 000 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 |
Catechol | 48.8 | 61.6 | 65.4 | 104 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.65 | No TL | – | – | – |
Chromium | NQ | NQ | NQ | NQ | – | – | – | – | 0.2§§ | – | – | – |
m-/p-Cresol | 7.8 | 10.9 | 13.7 | ND | – | – | – | – | 600¶¶ | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
o-Cresol | 3.0 | 4.3 | 5.0 | ND | – | – | – | – | 600¶¶ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Crotonaldehyde | 28.8 | 36.6 | 41.3 | I | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Formaldehyde | 41.1 | 57.9 | 90.5 | NQ*** | – | – | – | – | 3 | 13.7 | 19.3 | 30.2 |
Hydrogen cyanide | 204 | 277 | 390 | ND | – | – | – | – | 9 | 22.7 | 30.8 | 43.3 |
Hydroquinone | 56.6 | 76.1 | 85.0 | 61.0 | 0.02 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | No TL | – | – | – |
Isoprene | 459 | 551 | 746 | 94.8†† | 0.01 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 7.5 | No TL | – | – | – |
Lead | 23.5¶ | 27.7¶ | 48.6¶ | 39.3††† | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | No TL | – | – | – |
Mercury | 3.4¶ | 4.7¶ | 5.5¶ | L | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Methyl ethyl ketone | 93.2 | 116 | 124 | ND | – | – | – | – | 1000 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
NAB | 13.4¶ | 21.0¶ | 23.9¶ | L | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
NAT | 99.7¶ | 148¶ | 183¶ | I | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Nickel | NQ | NQ | NQ | NQ | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | – | – | – |
Nitric oxide | 180 | 280 | 349 | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Nitrogen oxides | 199 | 313 | 390 | ND | – | – | – | – | 40‡‡‡ | 5.0 | 7.8 | 9.8 |
NNK | 70.1¶ | 102¶ | 111¶ | 0.015§§§ | 67 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 7.4 | No TL | – | – | – |
NNN | 110¶ | 175¶ | 189¶ | 0.2 | 5.0 | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.95 | No TL | – | – | – |
Phenol | 11.4 | 17.1 | 19.8 | I | – | – | – | – | 200 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
Propionaldehyde | 60.3 | 74.0 | 88.4 | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Pyridine | 21.4 | 25.4 | 28.1 | L | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Quinoline | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.46 | ND | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Resorcinol | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.6 | I | – | – | – | – | No TL | – | – | – |
Selenium | NQ | NQ | NQ | ND | – | – | – | – | 20 | – | – | – |
Styrene | 13.6 | 16.5 | 18.5 | L | – | – | – | – | 900 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Toluene | 71.1 | 83.3 | 96.3 | E | – | – | – | – | 300 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
*Toxicant animal carcinogenicity and non-cancer indices. A cancer hazard index (CHI) is the numerical value of the amount of an individual component in cigarette smoke, normalised per mg nicotine and multiplied with its cancer potency factor (1/T25). A non-cancer hazard index (NCHI) is the numerical value of the amount of an individual component in cigarette smoke, normalised per mg nicotine and multiplied with its non-cancer potency factor (or divided by its TL).
†Values are from oral administration unless otherwise stated.
‡Animal carcinogenicity potency factors. The T25 cancer potency estimation method of Dybing et al16 was used. The T25 value is the chronic daily dose, which will give tumours in 25% of the animals above background at a specific tissue site. The T25 is determined by linear extrapolation from the lowest dose giving a statistically significant increase in tumours (Dybing et al).16 The pertinent data from the individual cancer bioassay studies underlying the calculation of the T25 values are presented in the Annex of the full report. For the present calculations, the T25 values were converted to cancer potency factors per unit mg (1/T25).
§Non-cancer potency factors. Chronic reference exposure levels (REL) published by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency in February 2005 were used (http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/AllChrels.html). A chronic REL is an airborne level of a chemical at or below which no adverse health effects are anticipated in individuals indefinitely exposed to that level. RELs are developed both from human and animal toxicological data and presented referring to the target system for each substance. A REL is for the present calculations viewed as the inverse of the respective constituent’s non-cancer potency factor. In the present report, the term “tolerable level (TL)” was used instead of “REL”.
¶ng/mg nicotine.
**No data for T25 calculation.
††Inhalation administration.
‡‡mg/mg nicotine.
§§Hexavalent chromium.
¶¶Cresol mixture.
***Highly non-linear dose–response.
†††Lead subacetate.
‡‡‡WHO guideline for nitrogen dioxide, not listed by Cal/EPA in 2005.
§§§Subcutaneous administration.
Bw, body weight; E, evidence of non-carcinogenicity; I, insufficient evidence of carcinogenicity; L, limited evidence of carcinogenicity; NAB, N'-nitrosoanabasine; NAT, N'- nitrosoanatabine; ND, no data; NQ, not quantifiable; NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNN, N′-nitrosonornicotine.