Coefficient | Robust standard error | p Value | ||
Fixed effects | ||||
For intercept: | ||||
Intercept | 21.77 | 1.54 | 0.001 | |
For Slope (growth rate): | ||||
Intercept | −0.68 | 0.54 | 0.205 | |
Convenience store with petrol | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.302 | |
Convenience store without petrol | 2.77 | 0.55 | 0.001 | |
Large pharmacy | 0.19 | 0.57 | 0.735 | |
Petrol only | −1.63 | 0.55 | 0.003 | |
Liquor store | 2.26 | 0.51 | 0.001 | |
Supermarket | 5.26 | 1.30 | 0.001 | |
Population density quartile 4 | −1.37 | 0.41 | 0.001 | |
SES† | −0.33 | 0.25 | 0.189 | |
High proportion of African–Americans | 2.45 | 0.48 | 0.001 | |
High proportion of Asian/Pacific Islanders | −0.75 | 0.46 | 0.108 | |
High proportion of Hispanics | −0.72 | 0.42 | 0.088 | |
Random effects | ||||
Intercept variance (R0) | 540.43 | 0.001 | ||
Slope (growth rate) variance (R01) | 40.04 | 0.001 |
*Advertisments include interior and exterior signs, shelving units, displays, and interior and exterior functional items.
†SES (socioeconomic standing) is a composite measure; higher scores equal higher socioeconomic standing.