Deaths from | Sustained never smokers | “Starters” | Sustained ex-smokers | “Resumers” | Sustained smokers | “Quitters” |
Men (n = 23 560 aged 20–49 years) | ||||||
All causes: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 1.40 (0.84 to 2.33) | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.24) | 1.60 (1.34 to 1.92) | 2.75 (2.54 to 2.99) | 1.51 (1.34 to 1.71) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 1.42 (0.85 to 2.37) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) | 1.59 (1.32 to 1.91) | 2.61 (2.40 to 2.83) | 1.39 (1.23 to 1.58) |
Cardiovascular disease: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 1.64 (0.73 to 3.69) | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.27) | 2.02 (1.52 to 2.67) | 3.16 (2.75 to 3.61) | 1.72 (1.41 to 2.11) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 1.76 (0.79 to 3.97) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 2.01 (1.51 to 2.67) | 2.99 (2.60 to 3.43) | 1.55 (1.26 to 1.90) |
Ischaemic heart disease: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 2.55 (1.13 to 5.75) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.36) | 2.10 (1.49 to 2.97) | 3.43 (2.89 to 4.06) | 1.79 (1.39 to 2.29) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 2.81 (1.24 to 6.35) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.26) | 2.11 (1.49 to 2.99) | 3.24 (2.72 to 3.86) | 1.58 (1.23 to 2.04) |
Stroke: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | NA | 1.36 (0.88 to 2.08) | 1.45 (0.65 to 3.23) | 2.63 (1.87 to 3.71) | 1.96 (1.22 to 3.15) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | NA | 1.34 (0.87 to 2.08) | 1.45 (0.57 to 3.20) | 2.57 (1.82 to 3.66) | 1.88 (1.16 to 3.04) |
Lung cancer: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | NA | 3.13 (1.44 to 6.86) | 6.49 (2.42 to 17.44) | 27.44 (14.17 to 53.15) | 5.51 (2.47 to 12.27) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | NA | 3.17 (1.45 to 6.94) | 6.31 (2.35 to 16.97) | 25.22 (13.00 to 38.94) | 5.19 (2.31 to 11.64) |
Other smoking-related cancer: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 1.90 (0.47 to 7.75) | 0.86 (0.59 to 1.25) | 1.06 (0.53 to 2.13) | 2.56 (1.97 to 3.32) | 1.42 (0.95 to 2.13) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 1.93 (0.47 to 7.88) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.22) | 1.07 (0.53 to 2.13) | 2.41 (1.85 to 3.13) | 1.28 (0.85 to 1.94) |
Women (n = 25 122 aged 20–49 years) | ||||||
All causes: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.92) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.19) | 1.37 (1.06 to 1.77) | 2.49 (2.30 to 2.70) | 1.65 (1.39 to 1.95) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.77 to 1.92) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.26) | 1.40 (1.08 to 1.81) | 2.49 (2.29 to 2.71) | 1.64 (1.38 to 1.95) |
Cardiovascular disease: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 2.29 (1.08 to 4.86) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.29) | 2.09 (1.29 to 3.38) | 3.73 (3.16 to 4.40) | 1.86 (1.30 to 2.67) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 2.28 (1.07 to 4.86) | 0.98 (0.65 to 1.48) | 2.09 (1.26 to 3.38) | 3.99 (3.35 to 4.73) | 1.93 (1.34 to 2.78) |
Ischaemic heart disease: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 1.37 (0.34 to 5.55) | 0.73 (0.40 to 1.37) | 1.94 (0.95 to 3.99) | 4.07 (3.22 to 5.15) | 2.42 (1.51 to 3.87) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.33 to 5.41) | 0.84 (0.45 to 1.57) | 1.82 (0.84 to 3.92) | 4.12 (3.23 to 5.26) | 2.42 (1.51 to 3.88) |
Stroke: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 2.15 (0.53 to 8.80) | 0.84 (0.40 to 1.76) | 2.63 (1.20 to 5.73) | 3.36 (2.48 to 4.55) | 1.43 (0.69 to 2.98) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 2.03 (0.50 to 8.30) | 0.86 (0.39 to 1.88) | 2.50 (1.08 to 5.79) | 3.46 (2.52 to 4.74) | 1.46 (0.70 to 3.05) |
Lung cancer: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | NA | 1.32 (0.38 to 4.58) | 4.48 (1.30 to 15.50) | 23.99 (14.20 to 40.51) | 4.34 (1.68 to 11.18) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | NA | 1.38 (0.40 to 4.82) | 4.58 (1.32 to 15.97) | 23.47 (13.58 to 40.55) | 4.64 (1.78 to 12.07) |
Other smoking-related cancer: | ||||||
RR† | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.09 to 4.40) | 0.80 (0.45 to 1.42) | 1.23 (0.54 to 2.79) | 2.19 (1.70 to 2.82) | 1.19 (0.66 to 2.17) |
RR‡ | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.09 to 4.49) | 0.83 (0.46 to 1.47) | 1.26 (0.55 to 2.88) | 2.17 (1.67 to 2.83) | 1.01 (0.53 to 1.94) |
*Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes or treatment for hypertension, or symptoms of angina pectoris or atherosclerosis obliterans at the last examination; †adjusted for age; ‡adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index (kg/m2), height, disability pension, sickness leave and family history of coronary heart disease recorded at the last examination.
NA, data not applicable.