Change in consumption associated with price increases from 1981–1990
| Demographic group | Actual change in smoking rates (%) | Predicted change in smoking rates (%) |
| Decline by males | 9.8 | −58.4 |
| Decline by females | −7.6 | −37.4 |
| Decline by whites | 5.9 | −40.2 |
| Decline by blacks | −48.5 | −69.7 |