Table 1

Settings, interventions, smoking cessation and risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) for 16 trials

Trial		Setting		Intervention	Treatment			Control		Risk ratio
Trial		Setting		Intervention	n	%		n	%	(95% CI)
Sexton, Hebel 198416	Private + university clinics (US)	One or more personal visits, monthly phone contact with master's level educator + biweekly mailed materials	389	31.9		392	6.9		4.6 (3.1 to 6.8)
Winsdor et al198517	Public clinics (US)	10 minute session with bachelor's level counsellor + materials + manual	102	13.7		104	1.9		7.1 (1.7 to 30.6)
Ershoff et al198912	HMO (US)	Brief counselling by health educator + 8 booklets mailed weekly	126	26.2		116	17.2		1.5 (0.9 to 2.5)
Burling et al199118	Urban hospital clinic (US)	Personal letter from chief of prenatal clinic + pamphlet	70	12.8		69	5.8		2.2 (0.7 to 6.8)
Hjalmarson et al199119	Public clinics (Sweden)	Self help manual distributed by obstetrician	444	12.6		209	8.6		1.5 (0.9 to 2.4)
Price et al199120	Urban hospital clinic (US)	Videotape + pamphlet + brief counselling with health educatoror booklet + counselling	123	4.9		70	1.4		3.4 (0.4 to 27.8)
O'Connor et al199221	Group practice (Canada)	20 minute counselling by public health nurse + manual + phone contact	90	13.3		84	6.0		2.2 (0.8 to 6.1)
Petersonet al 199222	HMO (US)	Mailed manual + audiotape	43	16.3		47	17.0		1.0 (0.4 to 2.4)
Windsor et al199312	Public clinics (US)	15 minute counselling by educator + manual + clinic reinforcement + mailed letter + “buddy” support methods + quarterly newsletter	400	14.2		414	8.4		1.7 (1.1 to 2.5)
Secker-Walker et al199423	University clinic (US)	Counselling by trained counsellors at 1st 3 visits and at 36 weeks + booklet	136	10.3		176	8.5		1.2 (0.6 to 2.6)
Kendrick et al199524	Public clinics (US)	1–5 minute counselling at multiple visits	233	8.2		284	9.2		0.9 (0.5 to 1.6)
Kendrick et al199524	Public clinics + WIC sites (US)	Brief counselling + material	307	7.2		546	5.1		1.4 (0.8 to 2.4)
Kendrick et al199524	Public clinics + WIC sites (US)	6 minute counselling in prenatal visits; 1–2 minute counselling at WIC sites	348	3.7		347	4.3		0.9 (0.4 to 1.8)
Hartmann et al199615	University clinic (US)	Brief counselling by trained resident to set goals + material + CO testing; goal setters contacted by volunteer	107	20.0		100	10.0		2.0 (1.0 to 4.0)
Walsh et al199725	Public clinic (Australia)	Brief advice by doctor + 14 minute videotape + 10 minute counselling by midwife + manual	127	9.0		125	0.0		2.4 (1.0 to 5.6)
Gielen et al199726	University clinic (US)	Guide + 15 minute counselling by trained layperson + materials for support person + clinic staff reinforcement and support	193	6.2		198	5.6		1.1 (0.5 to 2.5)

Summary risk ratio (random effects model) = 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2)
Reprinted with permission from WB Saunders Co. Mullen PD. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and evidence- based intervention to promote cessation. In: Spangler JG, ed. Primary care: clinics in office practice (tobacco use and cessation). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999:26:577–89.