Trial | Setting | Intervention | Treatment | Control | Risk ratio | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | (95% CI) | ||||||||||
Sexton, Hebel 198416 | Private + university clinics (US) | One or more personal visits, monthly phone contact with master's level educator + biweekly mailed materials | 389 | 31.9 | 392 | 6.9 | 4.6 (3.1 to 6.8) | |||||||
Winsdor et al198517 | Public clinics (US) | 10 minute session with bachelor's level counsellor + materials + manual | 102 | 13.7 | 104 | 1.9 | 7.1 (1.7 to 30.6) | |||||||
Ershoff et al198912 | HMO (US) | Brief counselling by health educator + 8 booklets mailed weekly | 126 | 26.2 | 116 | 17.2 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | |||||||
Burling et al199118 | Urban hospital clinic (US) | Personal letter from chief of prenatal clinic + pamphlet | 70 | 12.8 | 69 | 5.8 | 2.2 (0.7 to 6.8) | |||||||
Hjalmarson et al199119 | Public clinics (Sweden) | Self help manual distributed by obstetrician | 444 | 12.6 | 209 | 8.6 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.4) | |||||||
Price et al199120 | Urban hospital clinic (US) | Videotape + pamphlet + brief counselling with health educatoror booklet + counselling | 123 | 4.9 | 70 | 1.4 | 3.4 (0.4 to 27.8) | |||||||
O'Connor et al199221 | Group practice (Canada) | 20 minute counselling by public health nurse + manual + phone contact | 90 | 13.3 | 84 | 6.0 | 2.2 (0.8 to 6.1) | |||||||
Petersonet al 199222 | HMO (US) | Mailed manual + audiotape | 43 | 16.3 | 47 | 17.0 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) | |||||||
Windsor et al199312 | Public clinics (US) | 15 minute counselling by educator + manual + clinic reinforcement + mailed letter + “buddy” support methods + quarterly newsletter | 400 | 14.2 | 414 | 8.4 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5) | |||||||
Secker-Walker et al199423 | University clinic (US) | Counselling by trained counsellors at 1st 3 visits and at 36 weeks + booklet | 136 | 10.3 | 176 | 8.5 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.6) | |||||||
Kendrick et al199524 | Public clinics (US) | 1–5 minute counselling at multiple visits | 233 | 8.2 | 284 | 9.2 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | |||||||
Kendrick et al199524 | Public clinics + WIC sites (US) | Brief counselling + material | 307 | 7.2 | 546 | 5.1 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.4) | |||||||
Kendrick et al199524 | Public clinics + WIC sites (US) | 6 minute counselling in prenatal visits; 1–2 minute counselling at WIC sites | 348 | 3.7 | 347 | 4.3 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.8) | |||||||
Hartmann et al199615 | University clinic (US) | Brief counselling by trained resident to set goals + material + CO testing; goal setters contacted by volunteer | 107 | 20.0 | 100 | 10.0 | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) | |||||||
Walsh et al199725 | Public clinic (Australia) | Brief advice by doctor + 14 minute videotape + 10 minute counselling by midwife + manual | 127 | 9.0 | 125 | 0.0 | 2.4 (1.0 to 5.6) | |||||||
Gielen et al199726 | University clinic (US) | Guide + 15 minute counselling by trained layperson + materials for support person + clinic staff reinforcement and support | 193 | 6.2 | 198 | 5.6 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.5) |
Summary risk ratio (random effects model) = 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2)
Reprinted with permission from WB Saunders Co. Mullen PD. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and evidence- based intervention to promote cessation. In: Spangler JG, ed. Primary care: clinics in office practice (tobacco use and cessation). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999:26:577–89.