Socioeconomic status (SES) factors associated with purchase behaviours (ORs from general estimating equation (GEE) models)
| The most-used cigarette brand chosen because of its low cost | Most recent cigarette purchase for self was in carton | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.725* | 0.530 to 0.992 | 1.631*** | 1.276 to 2.085 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 55+ | Reference | Reference | ||
| 40–54 | 0.921 | 0.794 to 1.069 | 0.672*** | 0.579 to 0.780 |
| 25–39 | 0.784* | 0.643 to 0.956 | 0.383*** | 0.313 to 0.469 |
| 18–24 | 0.959 | 0.637 to 1.444 | 0.247*** | 0.151 to 0.403 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | ||
| Divorced or widowed | 0.899 | 0.706 to 1.145 | 0.923 | 0.749 to 1.139 |
| Single | 1.015 | 0.787 to 1.309 | 0.602** | 0.443 to 0.819 |
| Average total household income per month (¥) | ||||
| ≥3000 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1000–2999 | 1.158* | 1.021 to 1.314 | 0.764*** | 0.680 to 0.858 |
| <1000 | 1.466*** | 1.224 to 1.756 | 0.607*** | 0.513 to 0.719 |
| Missing | 0.925 | 0.751 to 1.139 | 0.730** | 0.589 to 0.905 |
| Education | ||||
| College and above | Reference | Reference | ||
| High school | 1.247** | 1.091 to 1.426 | 0.736*** | 0.641 to 0.846 |
| No formal education or prime school | 1.074 | 0.865 to 1.335 | 0.717** | 0.582 to 0.882 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unemployed | 0.935 | 0.795 to 1.101 | 0.959 | 0.822 to 1.120 |
| Retired | 1.186* | 1.019 to 1.381 | 1.490*** | 1.284 to 1.730 |
| Cigarettes per day (CPD) | ||||
| CPD low | Reference | Reference | ||
| CPD middle | 1.139* | 1.018 to 1.275 | 1.649*** | 1.476 to 1.841 |
| CPD high | 1.155 | 0.981 to 1.360 | 2.322*** | 1.987 to 2.714 |
| Survey wave | ||||
| Wave 1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Wave 2 | 1.191** | 1.060 to 1.338 | 1.110* | 1.004 to 1.227 |
| Wave 3 | 2.109*** | 1.863 to 2.388 | 1.033 | 0.928 to 1.151 |
| City | ||||
| Beijing | Reference | Reference | ||
| Shenyang | 1.919*** | 1.547 to 2.381 | 0.195*** | 0.157 to 0.243 |
| Shanghai | 0.849 | 0.696 to 1.034 | 0.329*** | 0.265 to 0.408 |
| Changsha | 2.339*** | 1.858 to 2.944 | 0.200*** | 0.160 to 0.251 |
| Guangzhou | 0.651*** | 0.531 to 0.799 | 0.338*** | 0.270 to 0.424 |
| Yinchuan | 0.496*** | 0.405 to 0.606 | 0.106*** | 0.085 to 0.133 |
| Kunming | 1.435* | 1.018 to 2.024 | 0.347*** | 0.261 to 0.460 |
| Constant | 1.588*** | 1.255 to 2.010 | 3.477*** | 2.797 to 4.323 |
| Observations | 14 161 | 14 046 | ||
| Number of IDs | 7283 | 7257 | ||
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.