Table 1

Prevalence of waterpipe use (%, 95% CI) among adults 15 years of age or older, by gender and selected demographic characteristics, GATS 2008–2010

Demographic characteristics	Bangladesh (n=9,629) (Males=4,468) (Females=5,161)	Brazil (n=39,425) (Males=18,039) (Females=21,386)	China (n=13,354) (Males=6,603) (Females=6,751)	Egypt (n=20,924) (Males=10,062) (Females=10,862)	India (n=69,296) (Males=33,767) (Females=35,529)	Mexico (n=13,617) (Males=6,160) (Females=7,457)	Philippines (n=9,701) (Males=4,740) (Females=4,961)	Russia (n=11,406) (Males=6,217) (Females=5,189)	Thailand (n=20,566) (Males=10,052) (Females=10,514)	Turkey (n=9,030) (Males=4,269) (Females=4,761)	Ukraine (n=8,158) (Males=4,076) (Females=4,082)	Uruguay (n=5,581) (Males=2,634) (Females=2,947)	Vietnam (n=9,925) (Males=4,356) (Females=5,569)
Demographic characteristics	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)	% (95% CI)
Males overall	1.34 (0.86–2.07)	0.18 (0.11–0.28)	0.65 (0.31–1.36)	6.2 (5.59–6.88)	1.13 (0.87–1.47)	0.02 (0.00–0.08)	0.01 (0.00–0.05)	4.44 (3.59–5.47)	0.03 (0.01–0.08)	3.95 (3.04–5.12)	3.17 (2.43–4.12)	0.02 (0.00–0.10)	13.02 (11.36–14.88)
*Age*
15–17	0.31 (0.04–2.21)	0.41 (0.13–1.22)	0 (−)	0.72 (0.20–2.52)	0.01 (0.00–0.02)	0 (−)	0 (−)	1.74 (0.57–5.17)	0 (−)	1.43 (0.36–5.53)	2.8 (0.78–9.56)	0 (−)	1.14 (0.29–4.35)
18–24	0.84 (0.24–2.83)	0.41 (0.21–0.80)	0 (−)	2.8 (1.78–4.39)	0.37 (0.18–0.75)	0 (−)	0 (−)	10.41 (8.09–13.30)	0.12 (0.04–0.39)	10.78 (7.04–16.16)	9.42 (6.24–13.96)	0 (−)	8.02 (5.37–11.80)
25–39	1.62 (1.00–2.61)	0.22 (0.10–0.51)	0.48 (0.17–1.34)	5.75 (4.87–6.79)	0.94 (0.65–1.36)	0 (−)	0 (−)	6.88 (5.26–8.96)	0.01 (0.00–0.07)	4.14 (3.00–5.68)	4.48 (3.22–6.22)	0.05 (0.01–0.38)	13.92 (11.42–16.87)
40–54	1.27 (0.70–2.28)	0.03 (0.00–0.24)	0.91 (0.40–2.08)	11.03 (9.55–12.70)	1.53 (1.09–2.15)	0.04 (0.01–0.27)	0 (−)	2.4 (1.49–3.85)	0 (−)	2.24 (1.31–3.81)	1.12 (0.57–2.19)	0.01 (0.00–0.06)	18.12 (15.31–21.32)
55+	2.09 (1.07–4.04)	0 (−)	1.16 (0.51–2.65)	8.81 (7.22–10.71)	2.64 (1.86–3.75)	0.07 (0.01–0.50)	0.05 (0.01–0.33)	0.33 (0.06–1.87)	0.04 (0.01–0.29)	0.88 (0.37–2.04)	0.03 (0.00–0.23)	0 (−)	14.65 (11.87–17.95)
*Place of residence*
Urban	1.9 (1.16–3.10)	0.21 (0.13–0.33)	0.18 (0.07–0.46)	4.59 (3.91–5.38)	0.46 (0.33–0.64)	0 (−)	0 (−)	5.39 (4.28–6.76)	0.07 (0.03–0.21)	4.94 (3.69–6.59)	3.72 (2.73–5.05)	0 (−)	5.25 (4.16–6.61)
Rural	1.14 (0.60–2.15)	0 (−)	1.04 (0.45–2.42)	7.54 (6.56–8.64)	1.41 (1.05–1.90)	0.09 (0.02–0.36)	0.01 (0.00–0.09)	1.77 (1.21–2.60)	0.01 (0.00–0.09)	1.67 (1.08–2.58)	1.99 (1.22–3.23)	0.2 (0.03–1.13)	16.36 (14.06–18.96)
*Education*
No formal education/Less than primary	1.75 (1.05–2.91)	**	3.43 (1.58–7.29)	11.19 (9.88–12.66)	1.97 (1.49–2.62)	0.07 (0.01–0.51)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.09 (0.01–0.63)	∼	0 (−)	12.97 (9.74–17.05)
Completed primary/Less than secondary	0.5 (0.27–0.93)	**	0.87 (0.39–1.92)	5.28 (3.93–7.07)	1.02 (0.67–1.54)	0.03 (0.00–0.25)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.05 (0.01–0.23)	3.08 (2.16–4.38)	0 (−)	0.04 (0.01–0.25)	14.62 (11.88–17.87)
Completed secondary or high school	0.82 (0.28–2.35)	**	0.24 (0.09–0.66)	3.56 (2.94–4.30)	0.42 (0.25–0.73)	0 (−)	0 (−)	3.63 (2.80–4.70)	0.05 (0.02–0.15)	6.3 (4.32–9.11)	2.74 (2.03–3.69)	0 (−)	13.32 (11.40–15.50)
Completed college/university or above	3.95 (1.31–11.32)	**	0.15 (0.02–1.07)	2.62 (1.99–3.46)	0.18 (0.08–0.39)	0 (−)	0.03 (0.00–0.22)	6.87 (5.18–9.06)	0 (−)	3.93 (2.15–7.08)	6.01 (3.92–9.12)	0 (−)	4.59 (3.13–6.67)
Females overall	0.16 (0.05–0.47)	0.1 (0.05–0.20)	0.08 (0.02–0.40)	0.3 (0.16–0.58)	0.64 (0.48–0.86)	0 (−)	0 (0.00–0.02)	3.19 (2.36–4.28)	0.01 (0.00–0.04)	0.7 (0.44–1.10)	1.12 (0.74–1.70)	0.13 (0.04–0.45)	0.15 (0.07–0.29)
*Age*
15–17	0 (−)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.31 (0.04–2.20)	0.2 (0.03–1.41)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.84 (0.16–4.35)	0 (−)	0 (−)	2.34 (0.32–15.03)	0.29 (0.04–2.04)	0 (−)
18–24	0.04 (0.01–0.28)	0.42 (0.17–1.00)	0 (−)	0.07 (0.01–0.52)	0.15 (0.06–0.38)	0 (−)	0 (−)	12.69 (8.90–17.79)	0 (−)	0.87 (0.32–2.37)	4.58 (2.46–8.39)	0 (−)	0 (−)
25–39	0.09 (0.02–0.37)	0.04 (0.01–0.14)	0 (−)	0.09 (0.03–0.26)	0.46 (0.29–0.73)	0 (−)	0.01 (0.00–0.07)	3.33 (2.22–4.96)	0.02 (0.00–0.12)	1.22 (0.73–2.03)	1.15 (0.64–2.05)	0 (−)	0.21 (0.08–0.57)
40–54	0.07 (0.01–0.50)	0.1 (0.03–0.36)	0.14 (0.02–1.00)	0.61 (0.25–1.45)	0.65 (0.44–0.97)	0 (−)	0 (−)	1.81 (0.81–4.00)	0 (−)	0.56 (0.22–1.41)	0.64 (0.24–1.66)	0 (−)	0.23 (0.07–0.75)
55+	0.79 (0.23–2.67)	0 (−)	0.18 (0.04–0.75)	0.71 (0.36–1.39)	1.87 (1.24–2.81)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.5 (0.16–1.59)	0 (−)	0.04 (0.01–0.26)	0 (−)	0.33 (0.08–1.34)	0.12 (0.03–0.50)
*Place of residence*
Urban	0.03 (0.00–0.22)	0.12 (0.06–0.23)	0 (−)	0.1 (0.04–0.23)	0.17 (0.07–0.39)	0 (−)	0.01 (0.00–0.05)	3.93 (2.86–5.37)	0.02 (0.00–0.11)	0.88 (0.53–1.46)	1.56 (1.01–2.40)	0.12 (0.03–0.49)	0 (−)
Rural	0.21 (0.07–0.64)	0 (−)	0.16 (0.03–0.74)	0.47 (0.22–1.00)	0.83 (0.61–1.13)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.94 (0.57–1.54)	0 (−)	0.28 (0.13–0.59)	0.19 (0.05–0.67)	0.24 (0.03–1.71)	0.21 (0.11–0.42)
*Education*
No formal education/Less than primary	0.31 (0.11–0.92)	**	0.16 (0.04–0.65)	0.63 (0.33–1.22)	1.11 (0.82–1.49)	0 (−)	0 (−)	∼	0 (−)	0.03 (0.00–0.23)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.33 (0.15–0.72)
Completed primary/Less than secondary	0 (−)	**	0.12 (0.02–0.83)	0 (−)	0.17 (0.08–0.38)	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.37 (0.05–2.58)	0 (−)	0.36 (0.16–0.81)	0 (−)	0.13 (0.02–0.93)	0.15 (0.03–0.64)
Completed secondary or high school	0 (−)	**	0.06 (0.01–0.42)	0 (−)	0.02 (0.01–0.07)	0 (−)	0 (−)	2.79 (1.93–4.01)	0 (−)	1.3 (0.65–2.60)	1.13 (0.65–1.94)	0.18 (0.03–0.94)	0.06 (0.01–0.41)
Completed college/university or above	0 (−)	**	0 (−)	0 (−)	0.01 (0.00–0.03)	0 (−)	0.01 (0.00–0.10)	4.37 (2.75–6.89)	0.06 (0.01–0.41)	3.8 (2.07–6.89)	1.75 (0.92–3.33)	0 (−)	0 (−)

** Not available
∼ Value suppressed because denominator is less than 25