Dependent variable: uses discount brand cigarettes=1 premium brand cigarettes=0 | Canada | The USA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Ratio of discount brand to premium brand price (self-reported price of used brand) | -0.180*** | −0.202*** | ||
(−3.42) | (−5.48) | |||
Ratio of discount brand to premium brand price (imputed price of used brand) | −0.782** | −0.308 | ||
(−3.08) | (−1.83) | |||
Household income | ||||
$10 000–$29 999 | 0.0105 | 0.00802 | −0.0625* | −0.0673** |
(0.27) | (0.21) | (−2.51) | (−2.66) | |
$30 000–$44 999 | −0.0482 | −0.0518 | −0.0831** | −0.0887*** |
(−1.37) | (−1.45) | (−3.24) | (−3.38) | |
$45 000–$59 999 | −0.0573 | −0.0751* | −0.140*** | −0.140*** |
(−1.62) | (−2.19) | (−6.54) | (−6.43) | |
$60 000–$74 999 | −0.0490 | −0.0521 | −0.134*** | −0.139*** |
(−1.28) | (−1.35) | (−6.33) | (−6.40) | |
$75 000–$99 999 | −0.101** | −0.113*** | −0.186*** | −0.190*** |
(−3.14) | (−3.58) | (−11.24) | (−11.24) | |
$100 000–$149 999 | −0.103** | −0.0999** | −0.185*** | −0.193*** |
(−2.84) | (−2.64) | (−11.02) | (−11.40) | |
$150 000 and over | −0.0906 | −0.0785 | −0.192*** | −0.199*** |
(−1.94) | (−1.47) | (−11.36) | (−11.41) | |
Highest level of education | ||||
Completed high school | 0.0149 | 0.0327 | −0.00197 | −0.0157 |
(0.57) | (1.20) | (−0.07) | (−0.57) | |
Technical, trade school, community college | −0.0173 | 0.0000735 | 0.0320 | 0.0163 |
(−0.72) | (0.00) | (1.14) | (0.57) | |
Some university–no degree | −0.0711* | −0.0530 | 0.0204 | 0.0161 |
(−2.47) | (−1.68) | (0.56) | (0.46) | |
Dependent variable: uses discount brand cigarettes=1 premium brand cigarettes=0 | Canada | The USA | ||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Completed university | −0.0410 | −0.0252 | −0.0728** | −0.0888*** |
Degree | (−1.43) | (−0.81) | (−2.66) | (−3.32) |
Postgraduate degree | −0.0991** | −0.0702 | −0.0816* | −0.0857* |
(−2.84) | (−1.75) | (−2.39) | (−2.45) | |
Age | 0.00277*** | 0.00296*** | 0.00608*** | 0.00627*** |
(4.72) | (5.08) | (11.19) | (11.83) | |
Male | −0.0749*** | −0.0818*** | −0.0423* | −0.0457** |
(−4.43) | (−4.91) | (−2.52) | (−2.79) | |
White, English only | 0.114*** | 0.108*** | 0.108*** | 0.107*** |
(5.02) | (4.83) | (5.57) | (5.63) | |
Married, cohabitating | 0.0361* | 0.0496** | 0.0574*** | 0.0599*** |
(2.06) | (2.86) | (3.33) | (3.39) | |
Received tobacco industry promotions | 0.164*** | 0.163*** | −0.0200 | −0.0250 |
(8.58) | (8.82) | (−1.30) | (−1.58) | |
Year 2003 | 0.0166 | 0.00589 | 0.0183 | 0.0191 |
(1.13) | (0.40) | (1.58) | (1.69) | |
Year 2004 | 0.185*** | 0.121*** | 0.0331* | 0.0333* |
(9.99) | (3.94) | (2.17) | (2.18) | |
Year 2005 | 0.232*** | 0.164*** | −0.0263 | −0.0225 |
(10.13) | (4.65) | (−1.47) | (−1.26) | |
Observations | 5962 | 6497 | 6307 | 6898 |
The omitted categories include single, non-white, non-English female smokers with highest level of education below high school, household income under $10 000, those who did not receive tobacco industry promotions and observations in the year 2002.
The estimated coefficients represent marginal effects for small change in continuous variables and for discrete change in categorical variables from 0 to 1 with reference to the omitted categories.
t statistics are reported in parentheses below the coefficient estimates.
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.