Moderators of perceived motivation to avoid cigarette use
| k | d | 95% CI | Qb p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study design | ||||
| Within subjects | 7 | 1.37** | (0.78 to 1.97) | |
| Between subjects | 8 | 0.51** | (0.36 to 0.66) | 0.006 |
| Participant smoking status | ||||
| Smokers | 9 | 0.65** | (0.31 to 0.99) | |
| Non-smokers and mixed samples | 6 | 1.39** | (0.67 to 2.11) | 0.07 |
| Country of sample | ||||
| USA | 4 | 1.09* | (0.03 to 2.14) | |
| Other countries | 11 | 0.90** | (0.47 to 1.34) | 0.10 |
| Exposure medium | ||||
| Warning on a 2D pack | 10 | 1.02** | (0.56 to 1.47) | |
| Warning on a 3D pack | 4 | 0.93 | (−0.30 to 2.16) | 0.90 |
| Exposure channel | ||||
| Digital | 5 | 0.96* | (0.14 to 1.78) | |
| Printed or paper | 5 | 0.95** | (0.34 to 1.57) | |
| Cigarette pack | 4 | 0.93 | (−0.30 to 2.16) | 0.99 |
*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
2D, 2-dimensional; 3D, 3-dimensional; k, number of studies; d, weighted mean effect size.