Differences in demographic and smoking characteristics across country and (border or non-border) region (%)
| Netherlands | France | Germany | Ireland | Scotland | UK (w/o Scotland) | Test of differences between country/region | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=2072) | Border provinces* (n=879) | Non-border provinces (n=856) | Border states† (n=469) | Non-border states (n=1046) | (n=577) | (n=507) | (n=1467) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 45.7 | 46.3 | 42.4 | 36.8 | 44.8 | 45.4 | 45.8 | 49.8 | χ2 (7)=29.16 |
| Male | 54.3 | 53.7 | 57.6 | 63.2 | 55.2 | 54.6 | 54.2 | 50.2 | p<0.001 |
| Age group | |||||||||
| 18–24 | 11.5 | 17.9 | 17.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 19.9 | 11.5 | 13.4 | χ2 (21)=167.42 |
| 25–39 | 29.3 | 33.2 | 38.0 | 27.7 | 32.5 | 34.8 | 25.5 | 35.5 | p<0.001 |
| 40–54 | 34.7 | 35.0 | 30.0 | 36.0 | 36.2 | 25.8 | 33.2 | 30.4 | |
| 55 years and older | 24.5 | 13.9 | 14.9 | 21.7 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 29.8 | 20.7 | |
| Educational level | |||||||||
| Low | 35.4 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 29.3 | 19.5 | 31.1 | 23.0 | 24.0 | χ2 (14)=452.03 |
| Moderate | 44.7 | 39.0 | 33.6 | 34.7 | 38.0 | 32.3 | 35.3 | 31.5 | p<0.001 |
| High | 19.9 | 44.2 | 49.4 | 36.0 | 42.5 | 36.5 | 41.7 | 44.5 | |
| Income level | |||||||||
| Low | 24.9 | 27.2 | 23.9 | 24.5 | 21.8 | 37.6 | 38.1 | 28.6 | χ2 (21)=477.60 |
| Moderate | 23.0 | 30.0 | 26.5 | 24.1 | 28.8 | 20.8 | 28.2 | 31.4 | p<0.001 |
| High | 30.1 | 40.0 | 45.4 | 36.7 | 35.9 | 33.4 | 25.2 | 30.7 | |
| No answer | 22.0 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 14.7 | 13.6 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.3 | |
| Employment | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 39.3 | 33.1 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 25.7 | 33.1 | 46.6 | 39.1 | χ2 (7)=124.48 |
| Employed | 60.7 | 66.9 | 71.6 | 71.7 | 74.3 | 66.9 | 53.6 | 60.9 | p<0.001 |
| Smoking characteristics | |||||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Daily smoker | 92.7 | 92.0 | 90.7 | 92.3 | 90.7 | 89.6 | 93.3 | 95.8 | χ2 (7)=39.55 |
| Occasional smoker | 7.3 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 10.4 | 6.7 | 4.2 | p<0.001 |
| Heaviness of smoking† | |||||||||
| 0–1 | 28.4 | 44.5 | 48.2 | 43.2 | 37.7 | 30.4 | 23.0 | 23.7 | χ2 (14)=311.70 |
| 2–4 | 63.7 | 52.1 | 48.3 | 51.4 | 56.9 | 61.2 | 63.7 | 68.4 | p<0.001 |
| 5–6 | 7.9 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 8.4 | 13.2 | 8.0 | |
| Intention to quit | |||||||||
| Not within 6 months | 78.5 | 62.8 | 61.3 | 77.4 | 73.3 | 64.6 | 58.4 | 73.1 | χ2 (7)=189.05 |
| Within 6 months | 21.5 | 37.2 | 38.7 | 22.6 | 26.7 | 35.4 | 41.6 | 26.9 | p<0.001 |
| Smokes exclusively rolling tobacco | |||||||||
| Yes, exclusively rolling tobacco | 32.1 | 13.1 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 4.3 | 17.0 | 27.5 | χ2 (7)=451.03 |
| No, factory made cigarettes or both | 67.9 | 86.9 | 88.7 | 90.0 | 86.1 | 95.7 | 83.0 | 72.5 | p<0.001 |
*State/province bordering country with cigarette prices at least €1.00 lower per pack (retail price of the most popular price category cigarettes in January of the survey year).
†Heaviness of smoking is used as a continuous variable in the regression analyses; HSI values ranged from 0 to 6 with higher values indicating stronger nicotine dependence.