Estimated impact of graphic health warning labels using difference-in-difference models
| Ln(Smoking Rate) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada & Post-GWL interaction | −0.145*** | −0.163*** | −0.181*** | −0.129* | −0.181** | −0.219*** |
| (0.0367) | (0.0425) | (0.0455) | (0.0644) | (0.0722) | (0.0750) | |
| Canada dummy | 0.229*** | 0.137*** | 0.128*** | 0.319 | 0.0405 | −0.0833 |
| (0.0389) | (0.0320) | (0.0343) | (0.290) | (0.317) | (0.332) | |
| Post-GWL dummy | 0.00610 | −0.0257 | −0.0478 | −0.00430 | −0.0133 | −0.0194 |
| (0.0332) | (0.0366) | (0.0385) | (0.0474) | (0.0550) | (0.0590) | |
| ln(Monthly Trend) | −0.114*** | −0.101*** | −0.0994*** | −0.0972 | −0.120* | −0.142* |
| (0.0175) | (0.0196) | (0.0216) | (0.0578) | (0.0667) | (0.0701) | |
| ln(Index ExciseTax) | −0.172*** | −0.178*** | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0491) | |||||
| ln(PriceIndex w/o ITC Price) | −0.135** | −0.130* | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0649) | |||||
| ln(PriceIndex w ITC Price) | −0.0715 | −0.0623 | ||||
| (0.0709) | (0.0732) | |||||
| Canada & trend interaction | −0.0197 | 0.0218 | 0.0479 | |||
| (0.0628) | (0.0711) | (0.0746) | ||||
| Constant | 3.511*** | 3.540*** | 3.573*** | 3.429*** | 3.631*** | 3.769*** |
| (0.0789) | (0.0913) | (0.0967) | (0.274) | (0.308) | (0.320) | |
| Observations | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| R2 | 0.942 | 0.921 | 0.909 | 0.942 | 0.922 | 0.910 |
| Estimated relative reduction in smoking rate in Canada | 13.5% | 15.0% | 16.6% | 12.1% | 16.6% | 19.6% |
| Estimated percentage point eeduction in US smoking rate (pre-2001 benchmark=23.9%) | 3.11 | 3.59 | 3.97 | 2.87 | 3.97 | 4.68 |
SEs in parentheses.
*p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
GWL, Graphic warning labels; ITC, International Tobacco Control.