n (%) | |
---|---|
Method | |
Quantitative | 107 (81.7) |
Qualitative | 22 (16.1) |
Mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) | 2 (1.5) |
Design | |
Analysis of text or visual materials | 9 (6.9) |
Key informants | 2 (1.5) |
Focus groups | 6 (4.6) |
Other qualitative design | 5 (3.8) |
Cross-sectional survey | 100 (76.3) |
Prospective survey | 6 (4.6) |
Experimental design | 1 (0.8) |
Other quantitative design | 1 (0.8) |
Sampling methodology* | |
Convenience sample assessed | 50 (38.2) |
Entire population or a random sample assessed | 73 (55.7) |
Archival data assessed | 9 (6.9) |
Sampling frame | |
Educational institution | 75 (57.3) |
Café/restaurant | 8 (6.1) |
Local community, including health clinics | 19 (14.5) |
National | 5 (3.8) |
Multiple frames | 15 (11.5) |
Archival data | 9 (6.9) |
Representativeness of human samples (n=111) | |
Not representative | 47 (35.9) |
Representative of the population of a city, state or region | 10 (7.6) |
Representative of the population of a nation | 4 (3.1) |
Representative of a school system or educational institution | 53 (40.5) |
Representative of waterpipe customers in a retail establishment | 4 (3.1) |
Representative of other populations | 5 (3.8) |
*Numbers total >131 due to some studies having multiple samples and/or frames.