Total population-level toxicant exposure from cigarette and waterpipe smoking among adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
| Toxicant | Total population-level toxicant exposure derived from cigarettes | Total population-level toxicant exposure derived from waterpipes | Waterpipe exposure as a percentage of total tobacco exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Plasma nicotine (ng/mL×h) | 4.6×106 | 2.4×106 | 34.0 |
| 2. Expired carbon monoxide (ppm×h) | 1.2×107 | 3.3×107 | 73.5 |
| 3. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (pmol/24 h) | |||
| NNK | 1.6×107 | 7.8×106 | 32.6 |
| 4. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pmol/24 h) | |||
| Naphthalene | 2.1×108 | 1.2×108 | 35.3 |
| Fluorene (1-Fluor) | 1.1×107 | 3.3×106 | 24.0 |
| Fluorene (2-Fluor) | 1.3×107 | 5.0×106 | 27.6 |
| Fluorene (3-Fluor) | 7.0×106 | 1.8×106 | 20.4 |
| Phenanthrene | 1.1×107 | 1.2×107 | 52.1 |
| Pyrene | 3.1×106 | 4.0×106 | 56.9 |
| 5. Volatile organic chemicals (µg/24 h) | |||
| Ethylene oxide | 2.1×105 | 1.3×105 | 37.4 |
| Acrylonitrate | 2.5×106 | 5.3×105 | 17.2 |
| Acrolein | 2.2×107 | 1.5×107 | 41.7 |
| Propylene oxide | 3.4×106 | 2.2×106 | 39.1 |
| 1,3-Butadiene | 4.7×104 | 1.4×104 | 23.6 |
| Acrylamide | 4.8×106 | 3.9×106 | 45.0 |
| Benzene | 2.5×104 | 6.4×104 | 71.9 |