Viability (%) | Metabolic activity (%) | (pg/mL×10−7 cells) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β | IL-6 | IL-10 | CXCL1 | CXCL2 | CXCL10 | |||
(A) Control and reference product | ||||||||
Air (control) | 78.6±2.7* | (Reference)* | 12.1±2.4* | 10.3±0.5* | 14.5±7.0* | 16.4±6.1* | 17.0±6.2* | 28.3±1.6* |
Tobacco cigarette | 3.6±2.8† | 32.7±1.8† | 4.0±.0.1† | 2.1±0.3† | 6.7±0.1† | 4.8±0.4† | 5.2±0.1† | 10.6±0.3† |
(B) ENDS product type | ||||||||
Disposable | 67.2±4.5* | 82.3±4.8* | 22.2±4.9 | 57.7±52.3† | 12.8±1.2 | 18.4±7.0 | 20.9±8.4 | 23.7±15.2 |
Rechargable | 61.1±25.6* | 64.6±4.6†* | 88.3±1.8†* | 106.6±27.0†* | 46.6±42.4 | 67.0±17.5†* | 55.6±29.1 | 111.0±118.9 |
eGo | 17.9±6.6† | 45.1±2.0† | 31.3±0.9 | 23.4±5.3 | 24.5±7.6 | 22.4±2.0 | 26.6±3.5 | 47.6±34.3 |
Vaporiser | 25.6±7.2† | 61.4±5.1† | 64.9±1.9 | 27.6±6.5† | 54.8±13.8†* | 48.5±1.8† | 59.7±11.4† | 99.7±65.3 |
ePipe | 32.17±7.1† | 50.1±2.4† | 82.5±0.8 | 66.7±26.3†* | 55.7±12.3†* | 63.6±8.8†* | 68.5±4.5†* | 112.6±80.7 |
eCigar | 80.1±11.1* | 95.9±5.0* | 13.0±0.9 | 67.1±63.0† | 12.1±0.2 | 11.2±0.1 | 11.6±0.4 | 37.6±2.8 |
(C) Nicotine carrier | ||||||||
PG-only | 50.7±21.4†* | 56.2±1.8* | 75.2±5.3† | 21.3±4.6†* | 44.5±25.6† | 40.6±19.0 | 47.1±11.6†* | 105.9±97.2 |
PG:VG (50/50) | 49.7±5.8†* | 39.4±5.8†* | 57.8±25.2 | 16.9±6.2† | 41.1±14.1† | 32.4±3.1 | 41.7±10.2 | 67.00±45.1 |
VG-only | 45.5±11.9†* | 42.0±1.7†* | 31.9±0.1 | 15.5±1.3 | 42.3±14.7† | 38.1±13.1 | 37.1±11.3 | 65.0±22.0 |
(D) Nicotine concentration in ENDS liquid (mg/mL) | ||||||||
0 | 75.7±13.1 | 92.3±4.9* | 2.2±0.9 | 10.8±1.5 | 2.1±0.3 | 5.3±1.7 | 4.8±0.8 | 3.8±2.4 |
6 | 87.3±5.9* | 81.7±7.1 | 2.1±0.2 | 10.6±2.2 | 2.9±2.0 | 3.2±0.9 | 3.2±0.5† | 3.6±2.2 |
12 | 78.7±16.5 | 91.9±2.6* | 1.8±0.1 | 19.7±2.2 | 2.9±2.0 | 3.5±1.1 | 3.6±0.8 | 3.0±1.8 |
18 | 91.6±3.9* | 92.2±7.0* | 1.8±0.1†* | 14.6±7.1 | 2.9±1.7 | 2.8±1.0† | 2.9±0.6†* | 3.1±2.0 |
24 | 89.7±7.7* | 89.3±8.6* | 2.5±0.1 | 21.9±5.0†* | 2.3±0.3 | 4.2±1.2 | 5.0±0.5 | 4.3±2.7 |
(E) ENDS battery output voltage (V) | ||||||||
3.3 | 63.4±4.4* | 78.1±1.4* | 31.3±0.9 | 23.4±5.3† | 24.5±7.6 | 22.4±2.0 | 26.6±3.5 | 47.6±34.3 |
4.0 | 42.3±4.3†* | 55.5±1.3† | 39.6±0.9 | 13.6±1.3 | 43.4±23.4 | 29.0±1.3† | 30.4±1.1 | 64.0±42.8 |
4.8 | 11.7±5.9† | 46.2±4.7† | 17.5±0.1†* | 74.9±19.6†* | 218.3±8.2†* | 180.5±51.4†* | 187.3±63.0†* | 337.5±139.2†* |
(F) Flavours in ENDS liquid | ||||||||
Tobacco | 63.3±4.4* | 78.1±1.4* | 31.3±0.9 | 23.4±5.3†* | 24.5±7.6 | 22.4±2.0 | 26.6±3.5 | 47.6±34.3 |
Piña Colada | 64.0±7.8* | 63.8±2.7†* | 25.5±0.3 | 11.3±5.0 | 26.7±3.8 | 27.0±4.5 | 27.7±5.7 | 48.7±22.4 |
Menthol | 57.2±10.4†* | 48.5±5.6† | 16.4±0.1 | 14.3±6.6 | 35.5±30.6 | 21.7±2.3 | 26.1±2.2 | 34.4±13.3 |
Coffee | 44.3±15.5†* | 55.8±2.1†* | 78.1±3.3 | 40.7±9.9†* | 59.8±27.4 | 52.7±18.0†* | 56.0±14.1†* | 124.3±103.0 |
Strawberry | 12.2±4.6† | 46.2±1.9† | 135±2.8†* | 15.2±12.8 | 125.0±11.3†* | 117.5±14.8†* | 127.3±22.4†* | 226.8±121.0†* |
Statistically significant values are shown in bold.
Mean values for cytotoxicity and cytokine assays. Values are mean±SEM.
*Significant difference as compared to tobacco cigarettes (p<0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test).
†Significant difference as compared to air controls (p<0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test).
ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery systems; IL, interleukin; PG, propylene glycol; VG, vegetable glycerin.