Summary of outcomes of included studies
| Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Cessation | Behavioural | |
| 1 | Awofeso et al, 200143 | + | NA |
| 2 | Clarke et al, 201344 | + | NA |
| 3 | Cropsey and Kristeller, 200531 | N | − |
| 4 | Cropsey et al, 200830 | + | NA |
| 5 | Etter et al, 201245 | + and − | NA |
| 6 | Howell et al, 201532 | N | NA |
| 7 | Jalali et al, 201533 | + | NA |
| 8 | Kauffman et al, 201134 | + and − | − |
| 9 | Lasnier et al, 201146 | + | − |
| 10 | Leone and Kinkade, 199447 | N | − |
| 11 | Lincoln et al, 200942 | + | NA |
| 12 | MacAskill et al, 200835 | + | − |
| 13 | Makris et al, 201236 | + | NA |
| 14 | Naik et al, 201437 | + | NA |
| 15 | Richmond et al, 20068 | + | NA |
| 16 | Richmond et al, 201338 | + (short term) | NA |
| 17 | Thibodeau et al, 201039 | + | NA |
| 18 | Turan and Turan 201648 | − | NA |
| 19 | Turner et al 201340 | NA | + |
| 20 | Voglewede and Noel 200441 | NA | NA |
NA, not applicable.
+, positive effect.
−, negative effect.
N, no effect.