Table 1

Association of exposure to tobacco and e-cigarette advertisements or promotions with tobacco smoking, e-cigarette experimentation, internet use and sociodemographic factors in 28 European Union member states, Eurobarometer 2014

Exposure to tobacco advertisements
(n=25 454)
OR (95% CI)
Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements
(n=25 528)
OR (95% CI)
Age (years)
 ≥55 (ref.)1.001.00
 40–54 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) 1.17 (1.08 to 1.27)
 25–39 1.28 (1.18 to 1.38) 1.28 (1.18 to 1.40)
 15–24 1.60 (1.44 to 1.78) 1.46 (1.31 to 1.63)
Gender
 Female (ref.)1.001.00
 Male 1.32 (1.25 to 1.40) 1.14 (1.07 to 1.20)
Difficulties paying bills
 Never/almost never (ref.)1.001.00
 From time to time/most of the time 1.10 (1.04 to 1.18) 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16)
Age when stopped education (years)
 Up to 15 (ref.)1.001.00
 16–19 1.22 (1.12 to 1.33) 1.29 (1.17 to 1.42)
 ≥20 1.40 (1.27 to 1.54) 1.51 (1.36 to 1.67)
Area of residence
 Rural (ref.)1.001.00
 Urban 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18)
Tobacco smoking
 Never smokers (ref.)1.001.00
 Current smoker 1.11 (1.04 to 1.19) 1.26 (1.17 to 1.36)
 Former smoker1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) 1.30 (1.20 to 1.40)
Internet use
 Never/no access (ref.)1.001.00
 Often/sometimes 1.63 (1.47 to 1.80) 1.82 (1.64 to 2.03)
 Everyday 1.71 (1.57 to 1.86) 2.21 (2.01 to 2.42)
E-cigarette experimentation
 No (ref.)1.001.00
 Yes 1.24 (1.13 to 1.37) 1.76 (1.60 to 1.94)
 Tobacco Control Scale tobacco advertising score 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96)  1.08 (0.95 to 1.22)
  • Results from a multilevel regression model adjusted for all the variables in the table; country was the higher level of analysis. Statistically significant associations are shown in bold.