Demographic predictors of MUH residents reporting each outcome of interest in six communities across the USA
| Voluntary smoke-free home | Live in smoke-free building | SHS incursion (past 12 months)∗ | Prefer smoke-free building† | |||||
| Characteristics | % (yes) | OR (95% CI) | % (yes) | OR (95% CI) | % (yes) | OR (95% CI) | % (yes) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status Current smoker Current non-smoker | 49.1 87.4 | 1.0 14.73 (10.25 to 21.17) | 15.2 26.9 | 1.0 1.94 (1.32 to 2.84) | 60.8 47.3 | 1.0 0.87 (0.57 to 1.32) | 30.9 68.7 | 1.0 5.80 (3.99 to 8.45) |
| Housing status type Market-rate housing Subsidised housing | 81.9 59.2 | 1.0 0.70 (0.49 to 1.002) | 24.5 21.4 | 1.0 1.06 (0.78 to 1.43) | 49.6 51.1 | 1.0 1.00 (0.74 to 1.35) | 57.8 52.8 | 1.0 1.15 (0.80 to 1.63) |
| Child <18 years in HH No Yes | 73.9 84.5 | 1.0 3.08 (1.76 to 5.40) | 24.0 21.6 | 1.0 1.52 (0.97 to 2.37) | 50.4 48.4 | 1.0 1.03 (0.70 to 1.52) | 55.4 61.9 | 1.0 1.68 (1.05 to 2.68) |
| MUH type Apartment style Other MUH | 75.5 76.5 | 1.0 0.90 (0.62 to 1.32) | 25.8 19.2 | 1.0 0.38 (0.28 to 0.53) | 51.7 46.3 | 1.0 0.72 (0.54 to 0.96) | 50.9 66.1 | 1.0 0.74 (0.53 to 1.03) |
| Race White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic Other race Missing | 84.0 69.0 64.5 59.5 68.8 | 1.0 0.93 (0.58 to 1.49) 0.73 (0.39 to 1.35) 0.81 (0.34 to 1.91) 0.72 (0.21 to 2.51) | 33.0 5.0 15.3 24.1 21.4 | 1.0 0.56 (0.34 to 0.92) 0.84 (0.48 to 1.47) 0.63 (0.30 to 1.30) 1.84 (0.69 to 4.88) | 49.1 39.7 61.5 71.9 20.0 | 1.0 1.19 (0.81 to 1.76) 1.79 (1.04 to 3.09) 1.94 (0.96 to 3.92) 0.97 (0.35 to 2.74) | 53.3 61.7 69.5 26.0 72.7 | 1.0 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) 1.31 (0.70 to 2.45) 0.91 (0.41 to 2.04) 3.41 (0.81 to 14.33) |
| Education <High school education High school graduate/GED Some college College graduate Graduate school | 53.3 76.4 69.4 84.5 87.7 | 1.0 1.07 (0.61 to 1.88) 1.46 (0.81 to 2.64) 1.61 (0.88 to 2.95) 1.45 (0.70 to 2.97) | 24.2 24.7 23.4 22.3 22.2 | 1.0 0.75 (0.45 to 1.24) 0.72 (0.43 to 1.22) 0.60 (0.36 to 1.02) 0.53 (0.29 to 0.97) | 45.7 47.8 51.7 49.9 53.3 | 1.0 0.93 (0.55 to 1.56) 0.75 (0.44 to 1.29) 0.68 (0.40 to 1.15) 0.80 (0.44 to 1.43) | 54.8 57.8 62.5 50.0 56.5 | 1.0 0.84 (0.46 to 1.54) 0.94 (0.50 to 1.75) 0.78 (0.42 to 1.46) 0.86 (0.43 to 1.72) |
| Sex Male Female | 70.3 83.3 | 1.0 1.28 (0.91 to 1.79) | 54.8 24.4 | 1.0 0.92 (0.69 to 1.23) | 47.4 52.5 | 1.0 1.47 (1.10 to 1.95) | 52.6 61.4 | 1.0 1.18 (0.86 to 1.61) |
| Age (years) 18–24 25–64 65+ | 73.6 75.4 83.9 | 1.0 0.77 (0.35 to 1.68) 0.69 (0.30 to 1.61) | 26.8 19.6 36.6 | 1.0 0.36 (0.19 to 0.68) 0.69 (0.35 to 1.37) | 55.9 50.7 30.7 | 1.0 1.01 (0.51 to 1.99) 0.46 (0.22 to 0.93) | 64.9 51.0 69.1 | 1.0 0.55 (0.24 to 1.25) 0.71 (0.30 to 1.70) |
| Sample type RDD population based Targeted Lists | 82.3 73.2 | 1.0 0.82 (0.50 to 1.36) | 34.9 18.6 | 1.0 0.85 (0.57 to 1.27) | 53.4 48.3 | 1.0 0.87 (0.59 to 1.28) | 50.0 58.6 | 1.0 1.41 (0.89 to 2.24) |
| Knowledge score‡ No Yes | 7.03 (2.6) 8.14 (2.0) | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.30) | 7.76 (2.2) 8.41 (1.8) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) | 8.07 (2.0) 8.23 (2.0) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) | 7.02 (2.4) 8.33 (1.9) | 1.37 (1.27 to 1.48) |
| Live in a smoke-free building No Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA | 45.0 49.9 | 1.0 0.59 (0.44 to 0.80) | NA | NA |
Proportions (%) are weighted to the age, sex and race/ethnicity of MUH residents in each community. GLMMs are unweighted but are adjusted for age, race and sex.
Bolded entries represent statistically significant estimates at p<0.05 level.
*SHS incursions reported as ‘ever’ versus ‘never’ in the past 12 months; SHS incursion outcome analysed among MUH residents who report having voluntary smoke-free home rules (unweighted n=1259).
†Preference outcome analysed among MUH residents who reside in smoking-allowable buildings only (unweighted n=1061).
‡Knowledge score: presents the mean (SD) number of questions answered correctly out of 10 for those reporting each outcome. In models, entered as a continuous variable (based on responses of ‘strongly agree’ or agree’ to the statements: SHS can transfer between apartments or units in MUH buildings; landlords/building owners can legally adopt smoke-free policies; SHS can lead to lung cancer in non-smokers; SHS can cause heart disease or heart attacks among non-smokers; SHS can make asthma symptoms worse; SHS can cause ear infections; SHS can lead to respiratory illness in children; non-smokers breathing in SHS take in nicotine and other toxic chemicals just like smokers; exposure to SHS while pregnant increases the chance that a woman will have a spontaneous abortion or other pregnancy or delivery problems; and SHS can cause SIDS).
OR and CI’s based on Binary Logistic Regression within Generalised Linear Mixed Modelling, accounting for community clustering.
GED, General Educational Development; HH, household; MUH, multiunit housing; HH, household; SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome; SHS, secondhand smoke.