Variables | Random effects probit models | Bivariate seemingly unrelated random effects probit | ||||
All cigarette use (model 1) | Factory-made cigarettes use (model 2) | RYO cigarettes use (model 3) | Dual use (Model 4) | Factory-made cigarettes use (model 5) | RYO cigarettes use (model 5) | |
Price of factory-made cigarettes | −1.00** | −0.17 | 1.01** | 1.06*** | −0.30 | 0.91* |
Price of RYO cigarettes | −0.73** | 0.05 | −0.41** | 0.13 | 0.07 | −0.42* |
Income status Below $1.25 (reference) | ||||||
$1.25 to $1.99 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.12 |
$2.00 and above | −0.25* | −0.02 | −0.65*** | −0.41*** | 0.01 | −0.67*** |
Not reported | −0.35** | −0.02 | −0.32** | −0.17 | −0.01 | −0.34* |
Age | 0.001 | −0.03*** | 0.02*** | −0.004* | −0.03*** | 0.02*** |
Gender Male (reference) | ||||||
Female | −4.25*** | −2.94*** | −3.63*** | −1.78*** | −2.96*** | −3.68*** |
Urban area of residence No (reference) | ||||||
Yes | −0.01 | 0.95*** | −2.07*** | −0.78*** | 0.95*** | −2.06*** |
Residence in Lusaka No (reference) | ||||||
Yes | 0.89*** | 0.62*** | −0.45** | −0.02 | 0.64*** | −0.44** |
Education Low education (reference) | ||||||
Primary and higher | −0.14 | 0.91*** | −0.49*** | 0.37*** | 0.95*** | −0.50*** |
Occupation Other than white collar (reference) | ||||||
White collar | 0.03 | 0.21 | −2.10*** | −0.86* | 0.22 | −2.08*** |
Self-reported health status Poor and average (reference) | ||||||
Good and excellent | −0.70*** | −0.56*** | −0.85*** | −0.44*** | −0.52*** | −0.84*** |
Constant | 6.67*** | 2.30*** | 5.59*** | 1.16*** | 2.32*** | 5.67*** |
Number of observations: 3740.
*P<0.1; **P<0.05; ***P<0.01.
RYO, roll your own.