Mixed-model analysis of the differences between PWs based on their origins
| Mixed-model analysis based on PW origin | Scale | Sample | Estimate of fixed effect | Significant difference |
| AU vs GCC | BWS | KSA | 10.2 | p< 0.001 |
| USA | 2.8 | p< 0.001 | ||
| Pooled | 6.5 | p< 0.001 | ||
| SAM | KSA | 10.1 | p< 0.001 | |
| USA | 1.8 | p< 0.001 | ||
| Pooled | 5.9 | p< 0.001 | ||
| UK vs GCC | BWS | KSA | 13.1 | p< 0.001 |
| USA | 4.6 | p< 0.001 | ||
| Pooled | 8.9 | p< 0.001 | ||
| SAM | KSA | 12.5 | p< 0.001 | |
| USA | 3.2 | p< 0.001 | ||
| Pooled | 7.8 | p< 0.001 | ||
| AU vs UK | BWS | KSA | 2.8 | p= 0.25 |
| USA | 1.7 | p= 0.47 | ||
| Pooled | 2.3 | p= 0.18 | ||
| SAM | KSA | 2.3 | p= 0.17 | |
| USA | 1.3 | p= 0.28 | ||
| Pooled | 1.8 | p= 0.14 |
AU, Australia; BWS, Brief Worry Scale about Smoking; GCC,Gulf Cooperation Council; KSA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; SAM, Self-Assessment Manikin.