Effects of transdermal nicotine or smoking on nicotine concentrations and maternal-fetal hemodynamics**
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The effect of ethanol and nicotine on ER stress in human placental villous explants
2022, Current Research in ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :The effects of nicotine on placental physiology, e.g. on placental blood flow have been studied in animals (Birnbaum et al., 1994) and in human placental perfusion (Bainbridge and Smith, 2006), but molecular toxicity in human placental tissue has not yet been studied. Nicotine serum concentrations when smoking cigarette or using nicotine replacement therapy may vary between 25 nm and 25 µM (DeVeaugh-Geiss et al., 2010; Massadeh et al., 2009; Oncken et al., 1997) and 2‰ ethanol corresponds to state where clinical symptoms include e.g., confusion, impaired balance, and slurred speech. In this study we used dose levels of nicotine (15 µM) and ethanol (2‰) that corresponds to the worst-case scenario of tobacco smoking and alcohol use (Skurtveit et al., 2002; Massadeh et al., 2009).
Residual Risk of Nicotine
2021, Toxicological Evaluation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery ProductsPrenatal nicotine exposure in rhesus monkeys compromises development of brainstem and cardiac monoamine pathways involved in perinatal adaptation and sudden infant death syndrome: Amelioration by Vitamin C
2011, Neurotoxicology and TeratologyCitation Excerpt :Pumps were implanted under ketamine anesthesia and were changed every three weeks to maintain a steady-state infusion throughout pregnancy; minipump changes were carried out under the direction of a veterinary surgeon following strict sterile protocols. This regimen produces maternal plasma levels of about 30 ng/ml for nicotine and 120 for cotinine (Slotkin et al., 2005), both well within the range of values typical of maternal smoking in pregnant smokers consuming 10–20 cigarettes per day (Ogburn et al., 1999; Slotkin et al., 2005), importantly, total nicotine delivery and average daily nicotine plasma levels are similar in pregnant smokers and in users of transdermal nicotine patches (Oncken et al., 1997). Concurrently with the nicotine or vehicle infusion, animals received daily oral supplementation with Vitamin C in the form of a chewable vitamin pill; there were four different Vitamin C dose levels (0, 50, 100, and 250 mg per day).
Nicotine elicits a developmentally dependent depression in bullfrog neuroventilatory response to CO<inf>2</inf>
2010, Respiratory Physiology and NeurobiologyPredictors of adverse events among pregnant smokers exposed in a nicotine replacement therapy trial
2009, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Hoechst-Marion-Roussel (Kansas City, MO) supported this study with a grant-in-aid. The study also was funded by an NIH General Clinical Research Center grant (M01RR06192). The authors thank Drs. Jonathan Clive and Kevin Sweeney for performing statistical analysis.