Effects of type of smoking (pipe, cigars or cigarettes) on biological indices of tobacco exposure and toxicity
Section snippets
Subjects and procedures
The study was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of Paris—Pitié Salpêtrière. All subjects gave written informed consent for participation. Three groups of subjects were recruited from volunteers registered at the Clinical Investigation Center of Paris Saint-Antoine and in response to public advertisements: exclusive non-smokers (no tobacco use for at least 1 year and no passive exposure to tobacco at home or office), exclusive pipe or cigar smokers (smokers for more
Results
Eighty-eight subjects participated in the study: 30 non-smokers, 30 exclusive pipe or cigar smokers and 28 exclusive cigarette smokers. All subjects were male, although attempts were made to recruit female cigar smokers. Among the 30 non-smokers, 19 had never ever smoked, 7 had smoked less than five cigarettes/day and quit smoking more than 16 years before inclusion, three had smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day and quit smoking 5, 5 and 2 years before inclusion and one did not mention how many
Discussion
In this selected sample of exclusive, mostly non-inhaling, pipe or cigar smokers, we observed no significant induction of CYP1A2 activity – a major pathway of carcinogenesis related to smoking [19], [21], [22], [23], [24] – in comparisons with non-smokers. As expected [25], [38], much higher levels of CYP1A2 activity were found in exclusive, mostly inhaling, cigarette smokers. Pipe and cigar smokers had lower level of exposure to tobacco metabolism products (urinary cotinine and
Acknowledgements
We thank Vanessa Niot-Mansart for the analysis of DNA adducts.
Funding: The study was funded by an unrestricted grant from the “Association pour la Recherche des Nicotianées” (A.R.N). This association was not involved in the design, carrying out or analysis of the study, or in the preparation of the manuscript. The study was also supported by the “Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale” and the “Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris” at the Clinical Investigation Centre of
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