The purpose of the study was to assess the relative importance of parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with youth smoking behavior. Knowledge of the relative importance of each variable could enhance antismoking educational efforts. Data were collected from 5,409 central Illinois school-age youth in grades 7-12. Data were analyzed by sex. A variety of attitudinal, behavioral and behavior intention questions relative to risk factors, including smoking, were developed. Specific questions about parental attitudes, parental behavior, and the youth's smoking behavior were included. Descriptive and chi-square statistical analyses were utilized. Results indicate that both factors are significantly associated with youth smoking behavior. However, it appears that parental attitudes may exert a more significant impact than parental behavior. Whereas parental behavior seems to be associated with a doubling of the youth smoking rate, it appears that parental attitude is associated with an approximately fourfold increase. These results need to be interpreted within the larger context that a number of variables, and not just smoking attitudes and parental behavior have been found to be associated with youth smoking behavior. However, within this overall context it appears that parental attitude toward youth smoking is a more significant factor associated with youth smoking behavior than parental behavior. As such, those involved with youth antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.