The smoking behavior of hospital nurses and the association between work-related stress and smoking were studied by means of a questionnaire mailed to the entire direct patient care nursing staff at the University of Michigan Hospital. Prevalence of smoking was considerably lower than in the US nurse population surveyed in 1975 and in the general female population of the same age range surveyed in 1978. Significantly higher scores were obtained for smokers than for non-smokers on scales concerning the physical and emotional stress of the job and the dissatisfaction with its rewards. The results supported more weakly the association of smoking with the perception of stress induced by role ambiguity, by nurse-doctor conflict, and by conflict between nurses. Some personal and situational variables were found to interact with perception of stress and smoking.