Awareness and use of e-cigarettes have increased rapidly, and the products now represent a billion-dollar industry in the USA.1 ,2 Public health concerns about e-cigarettes centre on their potential appeal to the youth market,3 limited scientific evidence regarding their impact on individual and population health,4 and inconsistent product standards, including variations in nicotine content within and across brands.5–7 While some US cities have extended public smoking bans to cover e-cigarettes or taken other restrictive measures,8 ,9 the products remain unregulated at the federal level. Globally, there is significant variation in how products are treated, with some countries including Canada and Australia taking a more restrictive approach.10 A recent proliferation of e-cigarette marketing—including ads in media where traditional tobacco advertising has long been prohibited, such as television1—likely plays a key role in the exponential growth of the products’ popularity. With some exceptions,11 ,12 reports of e-cigarette marketing to-date have been mainly anecdotal; surveillance and tracking of the quantity and content of such marketing is much needed.

The goal of this Industry Watch is to examine and systematically track marketing expenditures for e-cigarette products. The data source was Kantar Media, which tracks US advertising across media channels including television, print, radio and the internet, and then estimates expenditures based on market rate data. Kantar organises advertising expenditures data by both product name and category. Because e-cigarettes are referenced in a variety of ways in the Kantar system, we searched product names for a series of approximately 100 keywords identified through monitoring online e-cigarette forums and social media, and brand-level sales data. Keywords encompassed generic terms for e-cigarettes and component parts (e-cig, ecig, e-juice), slang terms (eg, vape), and numerous brand names. For Kantar product categories that we deemed highly likely to include e-cigarette products, such as ‘smoking materials and accessories’, we manually reviewed each product for relevance. Expenditures were available from the beginning of 2008 and were broken down by media channel.

After grouping by brand (eg, Njoy includes Njoy King) and combining in the case of duplicates, we identified 132 unique brands for which Kantar captured advertising expenditures between 1 January 2008 and 30 June 2013. Most were e-cigarette brands (eg, Blu), although we also captured some retailer brands (eg, Vaporium). We found that promotional spending was minimal through mid-2010, and has since rapidly increased, reaching US$12 million in 2011 and US$22 million in 2012 (figure 1). For the second quarter of 2013 alone, expenditures reached US$28 million, over eight times more than spending in the second quarter of 2012. Print was the dominant channel, followed by television. Over 60% of 2013 expenditures were for Blu (figure 2). The remaining top five most promoted brands we identified in 2013 were Njoy, Fin, Mistic, and 21st Century Smoke. Television comprised the majority of 2013 expenditures for Njoy and 21st Century Smoke, while print media comprised the majority of expenditures for the other top brands. Mistic was the only top brand without television campaign expenditures.

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Figure 1

Quarterly promotional expenditures by media, 2008–2013.

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Figure 2

Quarterly spending for top-promoted brands, 2008–2013.

Our analysis indicates that e-cigarette promotional spending is rapidly increasing, with expenditures for the first and second quarters of 2013 already representing more than double the expenditures for year 2012. Levels of television advertising are likely to further increase as tobacco companies acquire an increasing share of the market, with Vuse (R J Reynolds) and MarkTen (Phillip Morris) recently launching television campaigns.13 ,14 Evidence suggests that e-cigarette marketers are borrowing from the tobacco industry playbook,15 ,16 a matter of public health concern as the products might be marketed in a way that ultimately promotes smoking, especially given the growing tobacco industry market share.12 This research is limited by the fact that Kantar's media audit is not comprehensive; thus, these figures likely underestimate the true extent of e-cigarette advertising. Furthermore, media channels like internet promotion are relatively cheap but may, nonetheless, be associated with substantial exposure. Social media promotion and sponsored events—not included in this analysis—may also represent an important component of e-cigarette promotional strategy. The exponential increase in e-cigarette marketing may carry public health risks due to its potential to increase youth awareness and use of the products in the context of current uncertainty about their long-term health impact. Continued surveillance and monitoring of e-cigarette marketing expenditures is needed to guide product regulation and policy. Additionally, further research on the content of e-cigarette promotional messages across different media platforms is urgently needed in order to assess the implied and explicit claims made and how these messages may affect consumers’ attitudes, beliefs and behaviours.