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Research paper
A cross-sectional study on levels of secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars in five cities in China
  1. R L Liu1,2,
  2. Y Yang1,
  3. M J Travers3,
  4. G T Fong4,5,
  5. R J O'Connor3,
  6. A Hyland3,
  7. L Li6,
  8. Y Nan1,
  9. G Z Feng1,
  10. Q Li4,
  11. Y Jiang1
  1. 1Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  2. 2School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
  3. 3Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
  4. 4Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
  5. 5Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  6. 6VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  1. Correspondence to R L Liu, Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA; ruiling_liu{at}berkeley.edu

Abstract

Objectives To assess indoor secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM2.5 level measurements in five cities in China.

Methods The study was conducted from July to September in 2007 in Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Kunming and Guiyang. PM2.5 concentrations were measured in 404 restaurants and bars using portable aerosol monitors. The occupant density and the active smoker density were calculated for each venue sampled.

Results Among the 404 surveyed venues, 23 had complete smoking bans, nine had partial smoking bans and 313 (77.5%) had smoking observed during sampling. The geometric mean of indoor PM2.5 levels in venues with smoking observed was 208 μg/m3 and 99 μg/m3 in venues without smoking observed. When outdoor PM2.5 levels were adjusted, indoor PM2.5 levels in venues with smoking observed were consistently significantly higher than those in venues without smoking observed (F=80.49, p<0.001). Indoor PM2.5 levels were positively correlated with outdoor PM2.5 levels (partial ρ=0.37 p<0.001) and active smoker density (partial ρ=0.34, p<0.001).

Conclusions Consistent with findings in other countries, PM2.5 levels in smoking places are significantly higher than those in smoke-free places and are strongly related to the number and density of active smokers. These findings document the high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and point to the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free laws in China to protect the public from SHS hazards, as called for in Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was ratified by China in 2005.

  • Secondhand smoke
  • surveillance and monitoring
  • hospitality venues
  • environmental tobacco smoke

https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.033233

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    Footnotes

    • Funding This project was supported by a special grant from the Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control annual implementation for 2007 and by a grant from the Roswell Park Trans-disciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center (P50 CA111236). MJT was supported by a grant from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute. The funding sources had no role in the study design, in collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Ethics approval This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board Committee of Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.