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- electronic nicotine delivery devices
- advertising and promotion
- packaging and labelling
- tobacco industry
- cessation
Introduction
In Latin America, about 80% of the population is protected by at least one of the six MPOWER measures1 promoted by the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC).11 Indeed, this region is among those with the highest levels of FCTC implementation: four countries have adopted at least four MPOWER measures at the highest implementation level and 16 countries have adopted between one and three measures.1 Progressive, sustained and synergistic implementation of FCTC measures has contributed to a regional reduction in smoking prevalence of more than 50% over 15 years.1
Brazil was the first Latin American country to implement all MPOWER measures, which was accompanied by a more than 75% reduction in smoking prevalence.1 Countries across the region were among the first to implement comprehensive smoke-free policies starting in 2006,2 3 with South America becoming the first WHO sub-region where all countries are covered.4 The region also was relatively quick to adopt policies on prominent pictorial health warning labels (HWLs),5 with 13 countries now having pictorial HWLs that cover 50% or more of the package.7 Uruguay was one of the first countries in the world to require plain packaging.6 In contrast, bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship have been more unevenly adopted, with only Uruguay and Panama having comprehensive bans that include advertising at point of sale.7
With sustained commitment, most of the region should continue reducing the smoking prevalence to below 12.9% by 2025.7 Despite these advances, tobacco use remains a leading preventable risk factors for disease, disability and premature death in Latin America, accounting for 10% of all deaths.7
Smoking prevalence varies substantially across Latin America,8 ranging from 38.7% in Chile to 5% in Panama,9 with heterogeneity across sub-regions. Smoking prevalence is lowest in the Andean region (Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru) and highest in the southern cone (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay).10 It is generally more prevalent among vulnerable groups, including adolescents (particularly girls), young adults and, increasingly, the poor.7 These groups appear more sensitive to some tobacco control policies, particularly tobacco taxes, which is the most cost-effective of the MPOWER policies. Unfortunately, according to the 2021 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021,6 only Argentina, Chile and Brazil have levels of taxation that meet WHO standards.
Regional priorities and key challenges
The main priority for Latin America remains the full implementation of FCTC-recommended policies, which are based on the existing evidence of the most cost-effective tobacco control measures available.11 The FCTC’s grounding in the right of all people to the highest standard of health provides a legal underpinning for global cooperation in tobacco control. Furthermore, this clear connection between tobacco control and human rights treaties has facilitated implementation because many Latin American countries enshrine health as a human right in their constitutions.12 Nevertheless, as in other parts of the world, novel nicotine products threaten to derail this progress.
In Latin America, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) first became available in 2007.13 Heated tobacco products (HTPs) have emerged more recently, with Colombia14 being the first country in the region where Philip Morris’s “IQOS” became available in 2017. Regulatory approaches to ENDS and HTPs differ across the region.
A few countries ban ENDS importation, sale and distribution, including in both large (Brazil,15 Argentina,16 Mexico17 29) and small markets (Panama,18Uruguay,19 Venezuela20). Based on the Precautionary Principle,21 22 these prohibitions reflect the lack of conclusive evidence regarding ENDS harms and their effectiveness for cessation. Despite their legal prohibition, consumers in these countries are still able to access ENDS due to weak policy enforcement and the relatively large size of unregulated, informal economies. In Mexico, for example, the prevalence of ENDS use among adolescents is comparable to the USA,23–25 where e-cigarette regulations have only recently been adopted.
Bolivia, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Honduras regulate ENDS as a “tobacco product”.26 This strategy is straightforward, although enforcement can be complex (eg, loopholes due to technical definitions of aerosol and/or smoke). On the other hand, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua have no ENDS regulations. Chile is the only country in the region to regulate ENDS as pharmaceutical products because they contain nicotine. However, as of October 2021, no company has received authorisation to sell ENDS, due to the lack of clinical data to support their approval.27
HTP marketing and sales are banned in Brazil,28 Mexico29 30 and Panama.31 For example, in Brazil, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) Resolution banned “electronic smoking devices” in 2009, including both ENDS and HTPs.28 Companies must submit epidemiological and toxicological evidence to receive authorisation to import and sell any “electronic smoking device” intended for smoking cessation or as substitute for conventional cigarettes, regardless of nicotine content. The ANVISA resolution also banned advertising of both ENDS and HTPs in Brazil.
Bolivia,32 Paraguay33 and Uruguay34 all specifically regulate HTPs as tobacco products. However, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua have no HTP-specific regulations. For instance, the Colombian Tobacco Control Law (2009)35 bans advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco and includes a nationwide smoking ban in workspaces and other public areas and 30% size pictorial health warnings on tobacco products. Later legal interpretation has concluded that the wording of Tobacco Control Law encompasses HTPs since they are considered a tobacco product. However, PMI has side stepped these regulations by using different brand names for the “heatsticks” and heating device, which it markets freely by arguing that the heating device is not a tobacco product and therefore not covered by the regulations. To date, the consumer protection authority has not taken effective actions to combat this practice.
Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorised the marketing of PMI’s HTP ‘IQOS’ as a modified exposure tobacco product in 2019, PMI has capitalised on this decision in its activities in Latin America. This includes mention of this decision in IQOS marketing strategies, as well as when lobbying decision-makers to lift prohibitions and weaken existing HTP regulations.
A key challenge for tobacco control in Latin America concerns flavoured tobacco products, including capsule cigarettes that are rapidly gaining global market share, particularly in Latin America.36 Flavoured cigarettes disguise the harshness of tobacco smoke, and, in the case of menthol, increase the reinforcing effects of nicotine on smoking behaviour. The variety of flavours in capsules has rapidly expanded beyond traditional menthol to include fruit and cocktail flavours.37 The industry has also introduced cigarettes with multiple capsules, each with different flavours, in a single stick38 as well as different flavours across sticks within a single pack.36 Flavour capsules appeal to adolescents,39 young adults, women and light smokers,40 potentially undermining MPOWER measures, as appears to have happened in Mexico.38 41 42
In 2012, Brazil became the first country worldwide to ban the sale of all flavoured tobacco.43 However, industry lawsuits effectively blocked implementation by claiming, among other arguments, that scientific knowledge about negative health effects from flavours is unclear and that the ban would increase illicit sales.44 Between 2012 and 2021, industry registration of flavoured tobacco products for legal sale in Brazil has more than tripled.45 Similarly, Chile faces political and economic challenges in its attempts to implement the 2015 law that banned menthol tobacco products.46 Where flavours are not banned, FCTC parties are encouraged to ban flavour descriptors and brand imagery (eg, graphic design, colour and fonts) to help reduce the appeal of flavoured tobacco for youth. However, as of October 2021, no Latin American country has banned additives and/or flavours in tobacco products47 nor has removed packaging descriptors depicting flavours. 6Even where such bans have been introduced, industry has gone around them by using “concept descriptors” (eg, Havana Nights, Fusion Blast) instead of flavor-specific descriptors.48
Another key challenge for the region is tobacco taxation—the most cost-effective policy for reducing consumption.49 Yet taxes are the least implemented MPOWER measure across Latin America.50 The Tobacconomics Cigarette Tax Scorecard is a composite index that aggregates four elements of cigarette taxation (price, affordability, tax share and structure) to give countries an overall score out of five.50 Latin America had an average score of 2.62 in 2020, above the global average of 2.28. While many South American countries score well on the Scorecard, notable exceptions include Paraguay and Bolivia, which score 0.50 and 0.88, respectively. Further tax increases are needed to make cigarettes less affordable
Recent tax reforms have been modest, as in Peru51 and Mexico,52 which updated the tobacco excise tariff between 2020 and 2021 to adjust for Consumer Price Index increases. In Brazil, despite a lack of inflationary adjustment since 2016/2017, the industry pressured the Ministry of Justice to consider reducing cigarette taxes to contain smuggling.53 The FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products aims to tackle illicit trade concerns, which are often raised when tax increases are proposed.54 Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama and Uruguay became parties to the Protocol between 2013 and 201855; however, no Latin American parties have ratified this initiative since then.
Another key challenge concerns taxing ENDS and HTPs in countries where they are legal. As in other countries, it is unclear how to design a tariff structure that reduces smoking while also considering the potential for incentivising use of potentially less harmful products among smokers who cannot otherwise quit, keeps youth from starting to use tobacco products and defines a tax base that can be effectively administered across the growing diversity of products.56 Colombia57 and Peru51 are the only countries that levy a tax on HTP “heatsticks”, equivalent to the excise tax for cigarettes. However, the electronic component of the HTP is not taxed and the selective tax is not levied on ENDS. Key obstacles to ENDS taxation include the lack product standardisation (eg, some products report weight instead of volume), the ease of introducing new products without regulatory approvals and lack of institutional capacity to monitor the rapidly changing market. These problems are strongly linked to the absence of specific ENDS regulations in most Latin American countries.
Finally, providing access to and promoting the use of evidence-based smoking cessation support remains a challenge, as it depends to a great extent on the availability of human and financial resources. While some countries have dedicated resources for cessation, there is a need for comprehensive commitments by governmental and non-governmental organisations to address this critical issue. Governments urgently need to coordinate cessation strategies and develop national guidelines, ensure universal coverage of treatments that have proven to be cost-effective, and guarantee access to and affordability of nicotine replacement therapies and behavioural support. Engagement with health professionals in training and treatment is critical, as is consideration of information technologies for delivering effective treatments that can be scaled up and disseminated widely. 58 59
Conclusions
Latin America has been relatively successful in implementing the key MPOWER measures of comprehensive smoke-free environments, prominent pictorial HWLs, and tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship bans—their implementation has been accompanied by significant declines in tobacco use. Nevertheless, the region still faces a high disease and death burden attributable to tobacco, and implementation of some policies present challenges (eg, taxes, smoke-free environments2 60).
Several regulatory approaches to ENDS and HTPs have been implemented in the region, yet the public health impact of each approach is uncertain. As around the world, new industry marketing strategies aim to differentiate these products as less harmful than combustible tobacco products, and smokers and youth alike access and use these products even where they are banned.
The tobacco industry—vector of the tobacco epidemic—is changing, and legal frameworks must evolve to anticipate and address these changes. To accelerate the FCTC’s positive public health impacts, adoption of a strong regulatory framework based on the FCTC and its Protocol is the critical starting point for regulating combustible tobacco and also HTPs and ENDS.
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References
Footnotes
Funding In the writing of this manuscript, JB and JFT were supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01 TW010652.
Disclaimer The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.