RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Costs, revenues and profits: an economic analysis of smallholder tobacco farmer livelihoods in Malawi JF Tobacco Control JO Tob Control FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd SP 634 OP 640 DO 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053022 VO 26 IS 6 A1 Makoka, Donald A1 Drope, Jeffrey A1 Appau, Adriana A1 Labonte, Ronald A1 Li, Qing A1 Goma, Fastone A1 Zulu, Richard A1 Magati, Peter A1 Lencucha, Raphael YR 2017 UL http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/26/6/634.abstract AB Background The preservation of the economic livelihood of tobacco farmers is a common argument used to oppose tobacco control measures. However, little empirical evidence exists about these livelihoods. We seek to evaluate the economic livelihoods of individual tobacco farmers in Malawi, including how much money they earn from selling tobacco, and the costs they incur to produce the crop, including labour inputs. We also evaluate farmers' decisions to contract directly with firms that buy their crops.Methods We designed and implemented an economic survey of 685 tobacco farmers, including both independent and contract farmers, across the 6 main tobacco-growing districts. We augmented the survey with focus group discussions with subsets of respondents from each region to refine our inquiries.Results Contract farmers cultivating tobacco in Malawi as their main economic livelihoods are typically operating at margins that place their households well below national poverty thresholds, while independent farmers are typically operating at a loss. Even when labour is excluded from the calculation of income less costs, farmers' gross margins place most households in the bottom income decile of the overall population. Tobacco farmers appear to contract principally as a means to obtain credit, which is consistently reported to be difficult to obtain.Conclusions The tobacco industry narrative that tobacco farming is a lucrative economic endeavour for smallholder farmers is demonstrably inaccurate in the context of Malawi. From the perspective of these farmers, tobacco farming is an economically challenging livelihood for most.