Table 7

Weekly smoking: odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for pupil and school level variables from multilevel logistic regression (models E–J)

E F G H I J
Constant−3.26−4.00−3.03−4.52−5.18−4.32
Sex
 Boy1.001.001.001.001.001.00
 Girl1.67 (1.24 to 2.25)1.69 (1.26 to 2.28)1.71 (1.27 to 2.29)1.70 (1.20 to 2.40)1.70 (1.20 to 2.41)1.72 (1.22 to 2.44)
Mother smokes?
 No1.001.001.001.001.001.00
 Yes2.11 (1.57 to 2.85)2.09 (1.55 to 2.82)2.10 (1.56 to 2.83)1.42 (0.99 to 2.03)1.41 (0.98 to 2.02)1.40 (0.97 to 2.00)
 N/A1.01 (0.94 to 1.09)1.01 (0.94 to 1.08)1.01 (0.95 to 1.09)0.97 (0.89 to 1.05)0.97 (0.89 to 1.05)0.97 (0.90 to 1.05)
Parents expect too much at school?
 No1.001.001.001.001.001.00
 Yes2.51 (1.89 to 3.34)2.51 (1.89 to 3.35)2.51 (1.89 to 3.34)2.30 (1.64 to 3.22)2.30 (1.64 to 3.23)2.30 (1.64 to 3.22)
Alienation score (OR per unit increase)1.78 (1.55 to 2.05)1.77 (1.54 to 2.04)1.79 (1.56 to 2.07)1.42 (1.20 to 1.67)1.42 (1.20 to 1.67)1.43 (1.21 to 1.69)
Best friend smokes?
 No1.001.001.00
 Yes, sometimes5.62 (3.33 to 9.49)5.70 (3.37 to 9.64)5.72 (3.38 to 9.67)
 Yes, daily28.6 (18.3 to 44.6)28.4 (18.2 to 44.3)28.5 (18.2 to 44.4)
Policy
 Strong1.001.00
 Average1.56 (0.84 to 2.90)1.34 (0.71 to 2.52)
 Weak2.34 (1.08 to 5.08)1.79 (0.81 to 3.99)
Pupil enforcement
 High1.001.00
 Low1.53 (1.03 to 2.26)1.49 (1.01 to 2.20)
School level variance (SE)0.277 (0.108)0.249 (0.102)0.245 (0.102)0.153 (0.103)0.159 (0.105)0.132 (0.099)
Wald χ2 (df)138.1 (5)4.60 (2)4.47 (1)230.1 (2)2.07 (2)3.95 (1)
p Value for contrasts of terms (added to model)p < 0.0001 (A)p = 0.100 (E)p = 0.034 (E)p < 0.0001 (E)p = 0.356 (H)p = 0.047 (H)