Smoking cost studies by type of study, California
| Study | Study year | Cost (billions) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
| *Discounted at 4%. | ||||
| †Discounted at 3%. | ||||
| CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DHSS, Department of Health and Human Services; NA, not available | ||||
| Kaplan and Wright28 | 1985 | $4.8 | $2.3 | $7.1 |
| US DHHS29 | 1985 | NA | NA | $5.8 |
| California Dept of Health Services30 | 1988 | NA | NA | $5.9 |
| Rice and Max31 | 1989 | $2.4 | $5.2* | $7.6 |
| Max and Rice32 | 1993 | $3.6 | $6.3* | $10 |
| V Miller et al34 | 1993 | $7.1 | NA | NA |
| L. Miller et al16 | 1993 | $8.7 | NA | NA |
| CDC33 | 1998 | $7.1 | NA | NA |
| Current study | 1999 | $8.6 | $7.2† | $15.8 |