Adjusted odds ratios for respiratory symptoms and physician consultations by source of secondhand smoke exposures in males
| Prevalence (%) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHS at home | SHS at work | Odds ratio† (95% CI) | ||||||||
| No (n = 2559) | Yes (n = 1357) | p Value | No (n = 688) | Yes (n = 3222) | p Value | SHS at home | SHS at work | |||
| *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. | ||||||||||
| †Odds ratios are adjusted for age, marital status, educational attainment, police rank, type of police duties, exposure to self perceived dusty or polluted environment in previous job, and other SHS exposure. Additional adjustment for amount of smoking and duration of smoking was made in current smokers, and for smoking status in the analysis of current smokers and never-smokers combined. | ||||||||||
| ‡Western physicians and Chinese traditional doctors | ||||||||||
| §p for interaction for SHS exposure variables and smoking status. A significant p value indicates significant difference in odds ratios between current smokers and never-smokers. | ||||||||||
| Odds ratios, adjusted for the variables above, except for SHS, for the top 12 items of respiratory symptoms in all current versus all never-smokers ranged from 1.09 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.20) for blocked nose to 2.50 (95% CI 2.25 to 2.78) for morning phlegm. The details are not shown here but are available from the authors. Adjusted odds ratio for the bottom three items were near unity (p>0.05). | ||||||||||
| Throat problems | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 37.7 | 42.4 | 0.005 | 29.3 | 41.4 | <0.001 | 1.14 | (0.98 to 1.33) | 1.62*** | (1.32 to 1.97) |
| Never-smokers | 32.4 | 31.6 | 0.62 | 20.6 | 35.4 | <0.001 | 0.99 | (0.82 to 1.18) | 2.15*** | (1.77 to 2.61) |
| p for interaction§ | <0.05 | 0.115 | ||||||||
| Cough, morning | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 26.7 | 31.2 | 0.003 | 19.2 | 30.2 | <0.001 | 1.15 | (0.97 to 1.37) | 1.76*** | (1.40 to 2.21) |
| Never-smokers | 14.7 | 16.5 | 0.20 | 10.4 | 16.6 | <0.001 | 1.15 | (0.92 to 1.45) | 1.72*** | (1.33 to 2.21) |
| p for interaction | 0.490 | 0.577 | ||||||||
| Cough, day or night | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 24.1 | 29.9 | <0.001 | 16.9 | 27.9 | <0.001 | 1.27** | (1.07 to 1.51) | 1.80*** | (1.42 to 2.28) |
| Never-smokers | 14.4 | 15.9 | 0.26 | 9.6 | 16.2 | <0.001 | 1.16 | (0.92 to 1.46) | 1.81*** | (1.39 to 2.34) |
| p for interaction | 0.157 | 0.726 | ||||||||
| Cough, chronic | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 6.8 | 7.8 | 0.205 | 3.4 | 7.9 | <0.001 | 1.11 | (0.83 to 1.48) | 2.52*** | (1.54 to 4.13) |
| Never-smokers | 4.0 | 4.1 | 0.94 | 2.0 | 4.7 | <0.001 | 1.03 | (0.68 to 1.56) | 2.61** | (1.50 to 4.55) |
| p for interaction | 0.551 | 0.978 | ||||||||
| Phlegm, morning | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 36.6 | 39.9 | 0.049 | 29.4 | 39.6 | <0.001 | 1.24** | (1.06 to 1.45) | 1.33** | (1.09 to 1.62) |
| Never-smokers | 20.2 | 19.7 | 0.73 | 12.8 | 22.3 | <0.001 | 1.08 | (0.88 to 1.34) | 1.92*** | (1.52 to 2.42) |
| p for interaction | 0.159 | 0.087 | ||||||||
| Phlegm, day or night | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 26.6 | 30.6 | 0.009 | 19.3 | 29.8 | <0.001 | 1.24* | (1.05 to 1.47) | 1.62*** | (1.30 to 2.04) |
| Never-smokers | 14.1 | 14.2 | 0.94 | 8.3 | 15.8 | <0.001 | 1.07 | (0.84 to 1.37) | 2.03*** | (1.53 to 2.67) |
| p for interaction | 0.098 | 0.500 | ||||||||
| Phlegm, chronic | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 12.2 | 12.6 | 0.684 | 7.8 | 13.4 | <0.001 | 1.07 | (0.85 to 1.34) | 1.67** | (1.21 to 2.31) |
| Never-smokers | 5.9 | 6.7 | 0.42 | 3.5 | 6.8 | <0.001 | 1.29 | (0.91 to 1.82) | 2.05** | (1.35 to 3.11) |
| p for interaction | 0.727 | 0.512 | ||||||||
| Any cough or phlegm | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 48.3 | 53.8 | <0.001 | 38.7 | 52.7 | <0.001 | 1.23** | (1.05 to 1.43) | 1.56*** | (1.30 to 1.89) |
| Never-smokers | 30.1 | 30.7 | 0.74 | 20.6 | 33.0 | <0.001 | 1.10 | (0.92 to 1.32) | 1.87*** | (1.54 to 2.26) |
| p for interaction | 0.117 | 0.536 | ||||||||
| Increased cough or phlegm | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 22.2 | 25.0 | 0.048 | 14.8 | 25.0 | <0.001 | 1.06 | (0.88 to 1.27) | 1.81*** | (1.41 to 2.32) |
| Never-smokers | 16.0 | 18.2 | 0.11 | 10.1 | 18.1 | <0.001 | 1.12 | (0.90 to 1.39) | 1.88*** | (1.47 to 2.41) |
| p for interaction | 0.983 | 0.729 | ||||||||
| Ever wheezing | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 11.0 | 15.0 | <0.001 | 9.8 | 13.0 | 0.022 | 1.18 | (0.94 to 1.47) | 1.37* | (1.01 to 1.87) |
| Never-smokers | 7.8 | 11.7 | <0.001 | 5.5 | 9.4 | <0.001 | 1.41* | (1.08 to 1.85) | 1.76** | (1.26 to 2.45) |
| p for interaction | 0.614 | 0.381 | ||||||||
| Blocked or running nose | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 34.3 | 42.8 | <0.001 | 31.7 | 38.6 | <0.001 | 1.19* | (1.02 to 1.39) | 1.28* | (1.05 to 1.55) |
| Never-smokers | 32.1 | 38.1 | <0.001 | 23.1 | 36.1 | <0.001 | 1.15 | (0.97 to 1.37) | 1.85*** | (1.54 to 2.23) |
| p for interaction | 0.382 | <0.01 | ||||||||
| Any symptoms above | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 69.1 | 76.8 | <0.001 | 60.6 | 74.1 | <0.001 | 1.33** | (1.12 to 1.59) | 1.66*** | (1.36 to 2.02) |
| Never-smokers | 57.0 | 62.2 | 0.007 | 42.1 | 62.5 | <0.001 | 1.15 | (0.96 to 1.37) | 2.33*** | (1.97 to 2.75) |
| p for interaction | 0.154 | <0.05 | ||||||||
| Physician consultations in past 14 days‡ for respiratory symptoms | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | 17.0 | 16.5 | 0.702 | 12.1 | 17.8 | 0.000 | 1.02 | (0.83 to 1.25) | 1.48** | (1.13 to 1.93) |
| Never-smokers | 19.2 | 17.8 | 0.34 | 15.6 | 20.1 | 0.003 | 1.13 | (0.91 to 1.40) | 1.30* | (1.05 to 1.61) |
| p for interaction | 0.606 | 0.245 | ||||||||