Number of cigarettes smoked daily | Test for trend, p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–4 | 5–9 | 10–14 | 15–19 | 20–24 | 25+ | ||
*Participants not reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or treatment for hypertension, nor symptoms of angina pectoris and atherosclerosis obliterans. | |||||||
†Adjusted for age. | |||||||
‡Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, physical activity during leisure, body mass index, and height. | |||||||
Males | |||||||
All causes | |||||||
RR† | 1.56 (1.33 to 1.84) | 2.03 (1.85 to 2.22) | 2.47 (2.29 to 2.65) | 2.78 (2.57 to 3.00) | 3.35 (3.09 to 3.64) | 3.71 (3.34 to 4.11) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 1.57 (1.33 to 1.85) | 1.94 (1.77 to 2.12) | 2.36 (2.19 to 2.55) | 2.66 (2.46 to 2.88) | 3.19 (2.93 to 3.46) | 3.42 (3.07 to 3.81) | <0.001 |
Ischaemic heart disease | |||||||
RR† | 2.65 (2.02 to 3.48) | 2.67 (2.24 to 3.17) | 3.24 (2.81 to 3.74) | 3.89 (3.34 to 4.52) | 4.10 (3.49 to 4.82) | 4.07 (3.31 to 5.02) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 2.74 (2.07 to 3.61) | 2.47 (2.06 to 2.94) | 3.09 (2.67 to 2.58) | 3.70 (3.17 to 4.31) | 3.75 (3.18 to 4.42) | 3.60 (2.91 to 4.46) | <0.001 |
All cancer | |||||||
RR† | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.50) | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.98) | 2.14 (1.88 to 2.42) | 2.45 (2.14 to 2.81) | 3.03 (2.63 to 3.49) | 3.57 (2.99 to 4.26) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) | 1.63 (1.38 to 1.92) | 2.05 (1.81 to 2.34) | 2.37 (2.06 to 2.72) | 2.93 (2.54 to 3.38) | 3.41 (2.85 to 4.09) | <0.001 |
Lung cancer | |||||||
RR† | 2.84 (0.96 to 8.45) | 11.94 (6.97 to 20.44) | 17.98 (10.92 to 29.61) | 20.77 (12.52 to 34.47) | 33.48 (20.76 to 55.33) | 38.64 (22.74 to 65.65) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 2.79 (0.94 to 8.28) | 11.30 (6.59 to 19.39) | 16.73 (10.14 to 27.60) | 19.36 11.65 to 32.18) | 31.69 (19.14 to 52.47) | 36.22 (21.23 to 61.81) | <0.001 |
Females | |||||||
All causes | |||||||
RR† | 1.44 (1.17 to 1.77) | 1.90 (1.70 to 2.13) | 2.31 (2.08 to 2.57) | 3.01 (2.60 to 3.48) | 3.29 (2.71 to 4.00) | 2.67 (1.63 to 4.38) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 1.47 (1.19 to 1.82) | 1.90 (1.69 to 2.14) | 2.29 (2.01 to 2.56) | 2.97 (2.55 to 3.45) | 3.14 (2.56 to 3.84) | 2.61 (1.59 to 4.28) | <0.001 |
Ischaemic heart disease | |||||||
RR† | 2.81 (1.67 to 4.72) | 3.69 (2.69 to 5.05) | 4.03 (2.97 to 5.48) | 5.80 (3.92 to 8.57) | 4.51 (2.52 to 8.10) | 3.89 (0.96 to 15.81) | 0.064 |
RR‡ | 2.94 (1.75 to 4.95) | 3.55 (2.57 to 4.89) | 3.78 (2.75 to 5.18) | 5.28 (3.50 to 7.97) | 4.25 (2.35 to 7.68) | 3.53 (0.87 to 14.40) | 0.114 |
All cancer | |||||||
RR† | 1.11 (0.82 to 1.50) | 1.44 (1.22 to 1.69) | 1.87 (1.61 to 2.16) | 2.18 (1.76 to 2.70) | 2.73 (2.08 to 3.57) | 2.44 (1.26 to 4.72) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) | 1.44 (1.22 to 1.71) | 1.85 (1.59 to 2.16) | 2.22 (1.79 to 2.76) | 2.47 (1.86 to 3.29) | 2.43 (1.26 to 4.71) | <0.001 |
Lung cancer | |||||||
RR† | 5.02 (1.81 to 13.93) | 13.06 (7.14 to 23.87) | 19.19 (10.76 to 34.21) | 30.37 (16.24 to 56.81) | 27.68 (13.18 to 58.11) | 34.02 (9.77 to 118.44) | <0.001 |
RR‡ | 5.03 (1.81 to 13.98) | 11.85 (6.43 to 21.84) | 17.62 (9.80 to 31.66) | 28.83 15.28 to 54.38) | 23.85 (11.10 to 51.25) | 31.95 (9.12 to 111.96) | <0.001 |