Prevalence rate (%) of current chewer and ex-chewer of betel quid by smoking status for males in Taiwan
| Non-smoker | Ex-smoker | Current--smoker | Total | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Rate‡ | n | Rate‡ | n | Rate‡ | n | Rate‡ | |||||
| Current chewers | Ex-chewer | Current chewer | Ex-chewer | Current chewer | Ex-chewer | Current chewer | Ex-chewer | |||||
| *Less reliable estimate (x) when relative standard error [RSE = 100*(SE(x)/x)] is more than 30%. | ||||||||||||
| †25–64 years old only. | ||||||||||||
| ‡Prevalence rate is expressed as % for chewers or ex-chewers within each smoking group | ||||||||||||
| §Standard error (SE) for test of significance | ||||||||||||
| Data source: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2001. | ||||||||||||
| Total (all age) | 4638 | 2.0 (0.21)§ | 0.4 (0.09) | 572 | 6.6 (1.04) | 14.9 (1.49) | 3775 | 27.3 (0.73) | 6.8 (0.41) | 8985 | 13.0 (0.35) | 4.0 (0.21) |
| Total (age 18 or above) | 3699 | 2.5 (0.26) | 0.5 (0.12) | 562 | 6.8 (1.06) | 15.1 (1.51) | 3700 | 27.5 (0.73) | 6.8 (0.41) | 7961 | 14.4 (0.39) | 4.5 (0.23) |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 12–17 | 939 | *0.1 (0.11) | – | 10 | – | – | 75 | 21.3 (4.73) | *5.3 (2.59) | 1024 | 1.7 (0.40) | *0.4 (0.19) |
| 18–29 | 1229 | *0.9 (0.27) | *0.2 (0.14) | 31 | *6.5 (4.41) | *12.9 (6.02) | 870 | 25.7 (1.48) | 5.1 (0.74) | 2130 | 11.1 (0.68) | 2.4 (0.33) |
| 30–49 | 1351 | 3.6 (0.51) | *0.4 (0.18) | 192 | 10.9 (2.25) | 18.2 (2.79) | 1838 | 34.2 (1.11) | 6.9 (0.59) | 3381 | 20.6 (0.70) | 5.0 (0.37) |
| 50–69 | 792 | 4.0 (0.70) | *1.0 (0.36) | 179 | 6.7 (1.87) | 17.9 (2.86) | 777 | 19.9 (1.43) | 9.5 (1.05) | 1748 | 11.4 (0.76) | 6.5 (0.59) |
| 70 or above | 327 | *0.6 (0.43) | *0.3 (0.31) | 160 | *1.9 (1.07) | 8.8 (2.23) | 215 | *4.2 (1.37) | *3.3 (1.21) | 702 | 2.0 (0.53) | 3.1 (0.66) |
| Work class† | ||||||||||||
| White collar | 1245 | 2.4 (0.43) | *0.3 (0.15) | 152 | 9.9 (2.42) | 11.8 (2.62) | 1132 | 24.5 (1.28) | 4.8 (0.64) | 2529 | 12.7 (0.66) | 3.0 (0.34) |
| Blue collar | 457 | 4.6 (0.98) | *0.4 (0.30) | 74 | 14.9 (4.14) | 21.6 (4.78) | 837 | 40.9 (1.70) | 7.9 (0.93) | 1368 | 27.3 (1.20) | 6.1 (0.65) |
| Service industry | 185 | *2.7 (1.19) | *1.6 (0.92) | 18 | *5.6 (5.42) | *16.7 (8.79) | 264 | 29.2 (2.80) | 9.5 (1.80) | 467 | 17.8 (1.77) | 6.6 (1.15) |
| Education† | ||||||||||||
| Middle school (grade 9 or below) | 747 | 7.0 (0.93) | *1.2 (0.40) | 135 | 12.6 (2.86) | 23.0 (3.62) | 1320 | 39.0 (1.34) | 9.2 (0.80) | 2202 | 26.5 (0.94) | 7.3 (0.55) |
| High school (grade 10–12) | 659 | 3.0 (0.66) | *0.6 (0.30) | 110 | 10.9 (2.97) | 16.4 (3.53) | 1027 | 29.9 (1.43) | 6.5 (0.77) | 1796 | 18.9 (0.92) | 5.0 (0.51) |
| College or above | 974 | *0.9 (0.30) | *0.1 (0.10) | 92 | *3.3 (1.86) | *7.6 (2.76) | 550 | 13.6 (1.46) | 4.0 (0.84) | 1616 | 5.4 (0.56) | 1.9 (0.34) |
| Annual personal income† ($NT) | ||||||||||||
| Up to 240000 (US$7000) | 569 | 6.0 (1.00) | *0.7 (0.35) | 100 | *8.0 (2.71) | 22.0 (4.14) | 854 | 33.3 (1.61) | 8.8 (0.97) | 1523 | 21.4 (1.05) | 6.6 (0.64) |
| Up to 480000 (US$14000) | 775 | 3.2 (0.63) | *0.5 (0.25) | 95 | 12.6 (3.40) | 15.8 (3.74) | 1101 | 31.6 (1.40) | 7.0 (0.77) | 1971 | 19.5 (0.89) | 4.9 (0.49) |
| Up to 960000 (US$28000) | 850 | 2.4 (0.52) | *0.6 (0.26) | 129 | 9.3 (2.56) | 13.2 (2.98) | 824 | 29.5 (1.59) | 6.6 (0.86) | 1803 | 15.3 (0.85) | 4.2 (0.47) |
| More than 960000 (US$28000) | 174 | *0.6 (0.59) | *0.6 (0.59) | 12 | – | *16.7 (10.77) | 101 | 18.8 (3.89) | *2.0 (1.39) | 287 | 7.0 (1.51) | *1.7 (0.76) |
| Area | ||||||||||||
| Metropolitan Taipei City | 832 | *0.8 (0.32) | *0.2 (0.17) | 139 | *3.6 (1.58) | 15.1 (3.04) | 756 | 19.6 (1.44) | 4.9 (0.78) | 1727 | 9.3 (0.70) | 3.5 (0.44) |
| Northern counties | 202 | *4.0 (1.37) | *0.5 (0.49) | 36 | *11.1 (5.24) | *11.1 (5.24) | 240 | 29.6 (2.95) | 8.8 (1.82) | 478 | 17.4 (1.73) | 5.4 (1.04) |
| North-central region | 466 | *1.3 (0.52) | *0.4 (0.30) | 79 | *7.6 (2.98) | *3.8 (2.15) | 513 | 19.7 (1.76) | 7.6 (1.17) | 1058 | 10.7 (0.95) | 4.2 (0.61) |
| Central counties | 825 | 2.2 (0.51) | *0.2 (0.17) | 86 | *3.5 (1.98) | 20.9 (4.39) | 693 | 29.6 (1.73) | 6.8 (0.96) | 1604 | 14.1 (0.87) | 4.2 (0.50) |
| South-central region | 652 | 3.2 (0.69) | *0.5 (0.27) | 66 | *10.6 (3.79) | 15.2 (4.41) | 661 | 32.8 (1.83) | 7.7 (1.04) | 1379 | 17.8 (1.03) | 4.6 (0.57) |
| Southern counties | 568 | 3.9 (0.81) | *1.2 (0.46) | 112 | *5.4 (2.13) | 18.8 (3.69) | 614 | 31.3 (1.87) | 7.7 (1.07) | 1294 | 17.0 (1.04) | 5.8 (0.65) |
| Eastern region | 154 | 7.8 (2.16) | *0.6 (0.65) | 44 | *15.9 (5.51) | *18.2 (5.81) | 223 | 36.8 (3.23) | *4.5 (1.39) | 421 | 24.0 (2.08) | 4.5 (1.01) |