Malmfors et al (1989)31; n = 48; Sweden; tobacco industry | 235† (SD 123)† | 110† (SD 70)† | Not performed | – | 1988 tobacco industry funded study on 48 SAS DC-9 and MD-80 flights; weighted average flight time of 1.8 hours |
Nagda et al (1989)3; n = 92; USA; government | 177 (SD 104) | 25 (SD 23) | 10.6 (SD 5.7) | 94% | 1989 US Department of Transportation study on 92 random smoking (n = 69; 61 domestic and 8 international) and non-smoking flights (n = 23); optical RSP values, table 4–16 |
Drake et al (1990)51; n = 4, Japan: tobacco industry | 46 (SD 54) | 17 (SD 17) | Not performed | – | 1987 Philip Morris study on four B-747 international JAL smoking flights measured RSP in all classes and zones. Based on an analysis of data presented, with an average of 20.4 cigarettes/hour. Data as reported were lower: 38 μg/m3 (SD NR) and 14 μg/m3 (SD NR) respectively |
Eatough et al (1992)32; n = 4; unknown; tobacco industry | 155† (SD 61)† | 68† (SD 57)† | Not performed | – | Tobacco industry funded controlled experiment on four 5 hour DC-10 smoking flights (airline not reported) at an air exchange rate of 30/h with zero recirculation of air |
CSSI (1999), Pierce et al (1999)18; n = 8; USA; NGO | Not performed | – | <10‡ | – | 1998 ASHRAE study on 8 US non-smoking B777-200 flights seating 305 to 320, 4 domestic and 4 international |
Waters et al (2002)23; n = 6; US; government | Not given | 20–153 (range) | Not given | – | NIOSH study on 36 US domestic and international flights. Gate-to-gate times varied from 42–863 mins, and passenger occupancy in coach from 34% to 100% of capacity |
Lindgren et al (2002)25; n = 26; Sweden; airline | 49 (peak 253) | | 3 (SD NR) | 94% | SAS funded study of aft galley area on 26 intercontinental flights of a B767-300. Number of smokers <20 to >30 on 19 smoking flights; number of passengers 122–190 on 7 non-smoking flights |
Lindgren et al (2000)24; n = 6; Sweden; airline | 67 (SD 61) | | 4 (SD 1) | 94% | SAS funded study measured RSP on 6 B-767-300 intercontinental flights during 9 smoking and 8 non-smoking flight segments |
Lee et al (2000)15; n = 16; Hong Kong; airline | 138 (range 0–3000) | | 8 (range 0–300) | 94% | Cathay Pacific Airways funded study on 16 flights, 3 smoking, 13 non-smoking on 3 aircraft: B747-400, Airbus-330, and Airbus-340 |
All, weighted means | 168 | 59 | 8 | 95% | (n = 156) smoking; (n = 125) non-smoking sections; (n = 59) non-smoking flights |