Table 3

Results of the structural equation modelling using robust maximum likelihood for six countries: path-coefficients (with standard errors), significance levels and effect sizes

	Finland n = 1243	Denmark n = 572	Netherlands n = 1987	United Kingdom n = 1746	Spain n = 647	Portugal n = 907
CFI, comparative fit index; ES, effect size; RMSEA, root mean square of approximation; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index.
Adolescent–adolescent (path 1)	0.818	1.152	1.180	0.934	0.973	0.726
	(0.070)	(0.103)	(0.071)	(0.085)	(0.110)	(0.143)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001
Friend–friend (path 2)	0.693	0.443	0.498	0.215	0.606	0.994
	(0.108)	(0.176)	(0.089)	(0.124)	(0.139)	(0.313)
	p<0.001	p = 0.012	p<0.001	NS	p<0.001	p = 0.001
Parent–parent (path 3)	0.938	0.862	0.962	0.887	0.824	0.822
	(0.043)	(0.088)	(0.034)	(0.037)	(0.085)	(0.071)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p <0.001
Friend–adolescent (path 4)	−0.021	−0.083	−0.224	−0.203	0.214	1.103
	(0.172)	(0.199)	(0.125)	(0.208)	(0.156)	(0.480)
	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	p = 0.02
	ES = 0.002%	ES = 0.03%	ES = 0.39%	ES = 0.13%	ES = 0.55%	ES = 2.04%
Adolescent–friend (path 5)	0.115	0.310	0.234	0.210	0.144	0.043
	(0.040)	(0.074)	(0.046)	(0.047)	(0.074)	(0.083)
	p = 0.004	p <0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	NS	NS
	ES = 1.25%	ES = 5.16%	ES = 4.2%	ES = 3.31%	ES = 1.16%	ES = 0.06%
Parent–adolescent (path 6)	0.337	0.356	0.160	0.142	0.025	0.158
	(0.099)	(0.160)	(0.058)	(0.054)	(0.128)	(0.096)
	p<0.001	p = 0.013	p = 0.006	p = 0.009	NS	NS
	ES = 1.38%	ES = 0.87%	ES = 0.55%	ES = 0.74%	ES = 0.008%	ES = 0.09%
Parent–friend (path 7)	0.153	0.256	0.132	0.068	0.116	0.044
	(0.055)	(0.109)	(0.040)	(0.029)	(0.101)	(0.062)
	p = 0.003	p = 0.019	p = 0.001	p = 0.019	NS	NS
	ES = 1.08%	ES = 1.07%	ES = 1.24%	ES = 0.83%	ES = 0.35%	ES = 0.31%
Satorra Bentler	306.367	236.394	387.348	266.803	200.947	259.920
	df = 97	df = 121	df = 114	df = 129	df = 129	df = 122
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001
CFI	0.991	0.987	0.990	0.995	0.989	0.988
TLI	0.984	0.975	0.982	0.990	0.978	0.976
RMSEA	0.0417	0.0409	0.0347	0.0247	0.0294	0.0353
R²for adolescent smoking	0.442	0.627	0.527	0.455	0.406	0.552